Th (tyrosine hydroxylase) - Rat Genome Database

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Gene: Th (tyrosine hydroxylase) Mus musculus
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Symbol: Th
Name: tyrosine hydroxylase
RGD ID: 11414
MGI Page MGI
Description: Predicted to enable several functions, including cation binding activity; oxygen binding activity; and tyrosine 3-monooxygenase activity. Involved in eye development and visual perception. Acts upstream of or within several processes, including dopamine biosynthetic process from tyrosine; dopaminergic synaptic transmission; and learning or memory. Located in several cellular components, including axon; perikaryon; and perinuclear region of cytoplasm. Is expressed in several structures, including alimentary system; cardiovascular system; eye; genitourinary system; and nervous system. Human ortholog(s) of this gene implicated in Parkinson's disease; Parkinsonism; heroin dependence; hypertension; and obesity. Orthologous to human TH (tyrosine hydroxylase).
Type: protein-coding
RefSeq Status: VALIDATED
Previously known as: tyrosine 3-hydroxylase; tyrosine 3-monooxygenase
RGD Orthologs
Human
Rat
Chinchilla
Bonobo
Dog
Squirrel
Pig
Green Monkey
Naked Mole-Rat
Alliance Orthologs
More Info more info ...
Latest Assembly: GRCm39 - Mouse Genome Assembly GRCm39
Position:
Mouse AssemblyChrPosition (strand)SourceGenome Browsers
JBrowseNCBIUCSCEnsembl
GRCm397142,446,516 - 142,453,732 (-)NCBIGRCm39GRCm39mm39
GRCm39 Ensembl7142,446,489 - 142,484,865 (-)EnsemblGRCm39 Ensembl
GRCm387142,892,779 - 142,899,995 (-)NCBIGRCm38GRCm38mm10GRCm38
GRCm38.p6 Ensembl7142,892,752 - 142,931,128 (-)EnsemblGRCm38mm10GRCm38
MGSCv377150,078,681 - 150,085,871 (-)NCBIGRCm37MGSCv37mm9NCBIm37
MGSCv367142,702,166 - 142,709,356 (-)NCBIMGSCv36mm8
Celera7142,648,392 - 142,655,582 (-)NCBICelera
Cytogenetic Map7F5NCBI
cM Map788.06NCBI
JBrowse: View Region in Genome Browser (JBrowse)
Model


Disease Annotations     Click to see Annotation Detail View
Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome  (ISO)
brain disease  (ISO)
Brain Injuries  (ISO)
brain ischemia  (ISO)
Catalepsy  (ISO)
congestive heart failure  (IMP,ISO)
Contusions  (ISO)
delta beta-thalassemia  (ISO)
depressive disorder  (ISO)
developmental and epileptic encephalopathy  (ISO)
DOPA-responsive dystonia  (ISO)
Drug-Induced Dyskinesia  (ISO)
dystonia  (ISO)
early infantile epileptic encephalopathy  (ISO)
epilepsy  (ISO)
essential hypertension  (ISO)
Experimental Diabetes Mellitus  (ISO)
Experimental Liver Cirrhosis  (ISO)
generalized dystonia  (ISO)
genetic disease  (ISO)
heart disease  (ISO)
hepatocellular carcinoma  (ISO)
heroin dependence  (ISO)
Hyperkinesis  (ISO)
Hyperproinsulinemia  (ISO)
hyperprolactinemia  (ISO)
hypertension  (ISO)
hypoglycemia  (ISO)
Hypoinsulinemia  (ISO)
immunodeficiency 39  (ISO)
intellectual disability  (IEP,ISO)
learning disability  (ISO)
Lewy body dementia  (ISO)
Machado-Joseph disease  (ISO)
maturity-onset diabetes of the young  (ISO)
maturity-onset diabetes of the young type 1  (ISO)
maturity-onset diabetes of the young type 10  (ISO)
middle cerebral artery infarction  (ISO)
myocardial infarction  (ISO)
neonatal diabetes  (ISO)
Nerve Degeneration  (ISO)
neuroblastoma  (ISO)
neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis  (ISO)
obesity  (ISO)
Parkinson's disease  (IEP,ISO)
Parkinsonism  (ISO)
Permanent Neonatal Diabetes Mellitus 4  (ISO)
pheochromocytoma  (ISO)
polycystic ovary syndrome  (ISO)
portal hypertension  (ISO)
Reperfusion Injury  (ISO)
schizophrenia  (ISO)
Segawa Syndrome, Autosomal Recessive  (ISO)
transient neonatal diabetes mellitus  (ISO)
type 1 diabetes mellitus  (ISO)
type 1 diabetes mellitus 2  (ISO)
type 2 diabetes mellitus  (ISO)
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus 1  (ISO)
uremia  (ISO)
withdrawal disorder  (ISO)

Gene-Chemical Interaction Annotations     Click to see Annotation Detail View
(+)-catechin  (ISO)
(+)-sesamin  (ISO)
(+)-taxifolin  (ISO)
(-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate  (ISO)
(-)-selegiline  (ISO)
(R)-adrenaline  (EXP,ISO)
(R)-noradrenaline  (EXP,ISO)
(R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol  (ISO)
(S)-AMPA  (ISO)
(S)-amphetamine  (EXP)
(S)-naringenin  (ISO)
(S)-nicotine  (EXP,ISO)
1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine  (EXP,ISO)
1-Naphthylacetylspermine  (ISO)
15-deoxy-Delta(12,14)-prostaglandin J2  (ISO)
17beta-estradiol  (EXP,ISO)
2',5'-Dideoxyadenosine  (ISO)
2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl  (ISO)
2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxine  (EXP,ISO)
2,4-D  (ISO)
2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)pyridine  (ISO)
3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde  (ISO)
3,5-dichloro-N-[[(2S)-1-ethyl-2-pyrrolidinyl]methyl]-2-hydroxy-6-methoxybenzamide  (EXP)
3,7-dihydropurine-6-thione  (ISO)
3-\{1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1H-indol-3-yl\}-4-(1H-indol-3-yl)-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione  (ISO)
3-Amino-1-methyl-5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole  (ISO)
3-hydroxybutyric acid  (EXP)
3-methyladenine  (ISO)
3-phenylprop-2-enal  (EXP)
4,4'-sulfonyldiphenol  (EXP,ISO)
4-phenylbutyric acid  (EXP)
5-(2-chloroethyl)-4-methylthiazole  (EXP)
5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine  (ISO)
5-fluorouracil  (EXP)
6-propyl-2-thiouracil  (ISO)
7-NITROINDAZOLE  (EXP)
8-bromo-3',5'-cyclic GMP  (ISO)
9-cis-retinoic acid  (ISO)
acetic acid  (EXP)
acetylcholine  (ISO)
acrylamide  (ISO)
acrylonitrile  (ISO)
aflatoxin B1  (ISO)
Aflatoxin B2 alpha  (ISO)
agmatine  (ISO)
albiflorin  (ISO)
all-trans-retinoic acid  (EXP,ISO)
AM-251  (ISO)
amentoflavone  (EXP)
aminoguanidine  (EXP)
amitraz  (ISO)
amitrole  (ISO)
ammonium chloride  (ISO)
amphetamine  (EXP,ISO)
apigenin  (ISO)
apocynin  (ISO)
aprepitant  (ISO)
Aroclor 1254  (EXP,ISO)
arsane  (EXP,ISO)
arsenic atom  (EXP,ISO)
arsenite(3-)  (EXP,ISO)
arsenous acid  (EXP,ISO)
Asiaticoside  (ISO)
atrazine  (ISO)
baicalein  (EXP)
baicalin  (EXP)
Bardoxolone methyl  (EXP)
benzo[a]pyrene  (EXP,ISO)
beta-lapachone  (ISO)
bicuculline  (ISO)
bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide  (EXP)
bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate  (EXP,ISO)
bisphenol A  (EXP,ISO)
bisphenol F  (EXP,ISO)
BQ 123  (ISO)
bromochloroacetic acid  (EXP)
bucladesine  (ISO)
butanal  (ISO)
Butylparaben  (ISO)
cadmium atom  (ISO)
cadmium dichloride  (ISO)
caffeine  (EXP)
calcitriol  (ISO)
cannabidiol  (EXP)
carmustine  (ISO)
carnosic acid  (ISO)
Carnosol  (EXP)
carvedilol  (ISO)
chelerythrine  (ISO)
chitosan  (ISO)
Chloralose  (ISO)
chlorisondamine  (ISO)
chlorpyrifos  (ISO)
cisplatin  (EXP)
clonidine  (ISO)
clonidine (amino form)  (ISO)
clonidine (imino form)  (ISO)
clozapine  (EXP,ISO)
cobalt dichloride  (EXP,ISO)
cocaine  (EXP,ISO)
colforsin daropate hydrochloride  (ISO)
copper atom  (EXP)
copper(0)  (EXP)
copper(II) sulfate  (EXP,ISO)
corticosterone  (EXP)
Cuprizon  (ISO)
curcumin  (EXP,ISO)
cyanazine  (ISO)
cyanocob(III)alamin  (ISO)
cyclosporin A  (ISO)
cyhalothrin  (ISO)
cypermethrin  (ISO)
cytarabine  (ISO)
dabigatran  (ISO)
DDE  (ISO)
desferrioxamine B  (ISO)
desipramine  (ISO)
dexamethasone  (ISO)
diarsenic trioxide  (EXP,ISO)
diazinon  (ISO)
dichlorvos  (ISO)
dieldrin  (ISO)
diethyldithiocarbamic acid  (ISO)
dioxygen  (ISO)
dipyridamole  (ISO)
dopamine  (EXP,ISO)
dopaminechrome (enol form)  (ISO)
edaravone  (ISO)
elemental selenium  (ISO)
enzacamene  (ISO)
epibatidine  (ISO)
ethanol  (EXP,ISO)
fasudil  (ISO)
fenvalerate  (ISO)
ferrostatin-1  (EXP)
fipronil  (ISO)
flavonoids  (ISO)
fluoxetine  (EXP,ISO)
formaldehyde  (EXP)
fructose  (EXP)
ganglioside GM1  (ISO)
genistein  (EXP,ISO)
geraniol  (EXP)
ginkgetin  (EXP)
ginsenoside Re  (EXP,ISO)
glyburide  (EXP)
glycidol  (ISO)
guanethidine  (ISO)
GW 1929  (ISO)
haloperidol  (ISO)
heptachlor  (EXP)
herbicide  (ISO)
hydrogen peroxide  (ISO)
icariin  (ISO)
idazoxan  (ISO)
imidacloprid  (ISO)
juglone  (EXP)
ketoconazole  (EXP)
KT 5720  (ISO)
L-ascorbic acid  (EXP,ISO)
lead(0)  (EXP)
linalool  (ISO)
linuron  (ISO)
lipopolysaccharide  (EXP,ISO)
lithium atom  (ISO)
lithium hydride  (ISO)
lovastatin  (EXP,ISO)
LY294002  (EXP)
maneb  (EXP,ISO)
manganese atom  (EXP,ISO)
manganese(0)  (EXP,ISO)
manganese(II) chloride  (EXP,ISO)
manganese(II) sulfate  (ISO)
melatonin  (EXP,ISO)
mephedrone  (EXP,ISO)
mercaptopurine  (ISO)
metformin  (ISO)
methamphetamine  (EXP,ISO)
methoxychlor  (ISO)
methyllycaconitine  (ISO)
methylmercury chloride  (EXP)
methylphenidate  (EXP)
mevalonic acid  (EXP,ISO)
mifepristone  (ISO)
minocycline  (EXP)
misonidazole  (EXP)
mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate  (EXP,ISO)
monocrotophos  (ISO)
monosodium L-glutamate  (ISO)
montelukast  (ISO)
morphine  (EXP,ISO)
N(gamma)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester  (EXP)
N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide  (ISO)
N-acetyl-L-cysteine  (ISO)
N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea  (ISO)
N-ethylmaleimide  (ISO)
N-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium  (EXP,ISO)
N-nitrosodiethylamine  (EXP,ISO)
naloxone  (EXP,ISO)
naltrexone  (EXP)
nickel atom  (ISO)
nickel dichloride  (ISO)
nicotine  (EXP,ISO)
nimodipine  (ISO)
nitroprusside  (ISO)
Nookatone  (ISO)
Norbinaltorphimine  (EXP)
olanzapine  (ISO)
oleuropein  (EXP)
oridonin  (ISO)
oxidopamine  (EXP,ISO)
P(1),P(4)-bis(5'-adenosyl) tetraphosphate  (ISO)
paracetamol  (ISO)
paraquat  (EXP,ISO)
pentanal  (ISO)
perfluorodecanoic acid  (EXP)
perfluorododecanoic acid  (EXP)
perfluorononanoic acid  (EXP)
perfluorooctane-1-sulfonic acid  (EXP)
perfluorooctanoic acid  (EXP)
perfluoroundecanoic acid  (EXP)
permethrin  (ISO)
phencyclidine  (EXP)
Phenelzine  (ISO)
phenethyl caffeate  (ISO)
phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate  (ISO)
piperazine  (ISO)
piperonyl butoxide  (EXP)
pirinixic acid  (ISO)
pregabalin  (EXP)
probenecid  (EXP)
progesterone  (ISO)
propanal  (ISO)
propionic acid  (ISO)
propofol  (EXP)
prothioconazole  (ISO)
purine-6-thiol  (ISO)
pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate  (EXP)
pyrroloquinoline quinone  (EXP,ISO)
quercetin  (ISO)
quercetin 3-O-beta-D-glucofuranoside  (ISO)
quercetin 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside  (ISO)
reserpine  (EXP,ISO)
resveratrol  (EXP,ISO)
rimonabant  (ISO)
risperidone  (ISO)
rotenone  (EXP,ISO)
rottlerin  (EXP,ISO)
rutin  (ISO)
salubrinal  (ISO)
saxagliptin  (ISO)
SB 203580  (ISO)
SCH 23390  (EXP)
selenium atom  (ISO)
simazine  (EXP,ISO)
sodium arsenite  (EXP,ISO)
sodium chloride  (ISO)
Sophoricoside  (EXP)
spiperone  (ISO)
streptozocin  (ISO)
sulforaphane  (EXP)
sulpiride  (EXP,ISO)
Talipexole dihydrochloride  (EXP)
tamoxifen  (EXP,ISO)
taurine  (EXP)
telmisartan  (EXP)
testosterone  (ISO)
topiramate  (EXP)
trichloroethene  (ISO)
triprolidine  (ISO)
tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate  (ISO)
urethane  (ISO)
valproic acid  (EXP,ISO)
vitamin D  (ISO)
vitamin E  (ISO)
vorinostat  (ISO)
WIN 55212-2  (EXP,ISO)
wortmannin  (EXP,ISO)
Y-27632  (EXP)
zearalenone  (ISO)
zinc atom  (ISO)
zinc sulfate  (ISO)
zinc(0)  (ISO)
zonisamide  (EXP,ISO)

Gene Ontology Annotations     Click to see Annotation Detail View

Biological Process
aminergic neurotransmitter loading into synaptic vesicle  (IEA,ISO)
animal organ morphogenesis  (IMP)
aromatic amino acid metabolic process  (IEA)
catecholamine biosynthetic process  (ISO)
cellular response to alkaloid  (IEA,ISO)
cellular response to glucose stimulus  (IEA,ISO)
cellular response to growth factor stimulus  (ISO)
cellular response to manganese ion  (IEA,ISO)
cellular response to nicotine  (ISO)
cellular response to xenobiotic stimulus  (IEA,ISO)
cerebral cortex development  (IEA,ISO)
circadian sleep/wake cycle  (IEA,ISO)
cognition  (ISO)
dopamine biosynthetic process  (ISO)
dopamine biosynthetic process from tyrosine  (IBA,IDA,IMP,ISO,TAS)
eating behavior  (IGI,IMP)
embryonic camera-type eye morphogenesis  (IMP)
epinephrine biosynthetic process  (IEA,ISO)
eye photoreceptor cell development  (IMP)
fatty acid metabolic process  (ISO)
glycoside metabolic process  (IEA,ISO)
heart development  (IBA,IMP,ISO)
hyaloid vascular plexus regression  (IMP)
isoquinoline alkaloid metabolic process  (IEA,ISO)
learning  (IMP)
locomotory behavior  (IGI,IMP)
mating behavior  (IMP)
memory  (IMP)
norepinephrine biosynthetic process  (IEA,ISO)
phthalate metabolic process  (IEA,ISO)
phytoalexin metabolic process  (IEA,ISO)
regulation of heart contraction  (IMP)
response to activity  (IEA,ISO)
response to amphetamine  (IEA,ISO)
response to corticosterone  (IEA,ISO)
response to electrical stimulus  (ISO)
response to estradiol  (ISO)
response to ethanol  (IBA,IEA,ISO)
response to ether  (IEA,ISO)
response to growth factor  (ISO)
response to herbicide  (IEA,ISO)
response to hypoxia  (IBA,IEA,ISO)
response to immobilization stress  (ISO)
response to insecticide  (ISO)
response to isolation stress  (ISO)
response to light stimulus  (IEA,ISO)
response to lipopolysaccharide  (IEA,ISO)
response to metal ion  (ISO)
response to nicotine  (ISO)
response to nutrient levels  (ISO)
response to organic cyclic compound  (ISO)
response to peptide hormone  (IEA,ISO)
response to pyrethroid  (IEA,ISO)
response to salt stress  (ISO)
response to steroid hormone  (ISO)
response to xenobiotic stimulus  (ISO)
response to zinc ion  (ISO)
social behavior  (IEA,ISO)
sphingolipid metabolic process  (IEA,ISO)
synaptic transmission, dopaminergic  (IMP)
terpene metabolic process  (ISO)
visual perception  (IMP)

Cellular Component

Phenotype Annotations     Click to see Annotation Detail View

Mammalian Phenotype
abnormal active avoidance behavior  (IAGP)
abnormal adrenal chromaffin cell morphology  (IAGP)
abnormal adrenaline level  (IAGP)
abnormal associative learning  (IAGP)
abnormal avoidance learning behavior  (IAGP)
abnormal conditioned taste aversion behavior  (IAGP)
abnormal cued conditioning behavior  (IAGP)
abnormal dopaminergic neuron morphology  (IAGP)
abnormal eating behavior  (IAGP)
abnormal eye electrophysiology  (IAGP)
abnormal eye physiology  (IAGP)
abnormal gait  (IAGP)
abnormal heart atrium morphology  (IAGP)
abnormal heart development  (IAGP)
abnormal learning/memory/conditioning  (IAGP)
abnormal motor capabilities/coordination/movement  (IAGP)
abnormal motor coordination/balance  (IAGP)
abnormal nervous system physiology  (IAGP)
abnormal noradrenaline level  (IAGP)
abnormal pain threshold  (IAGP)
abnormal physiological response to hypoxia  (IAGP)
abnormal postnatal growth  (IAGP)
abnormal ST segment  (IAGP)
abnormal type I cell of carotid body physiology  (IAGP)
abnormal vision  (IAGP)
adipsia  (IAGP)
adrenal gland hyperplasia  (IAGP)
akinesia  (IAGP)
alpha-synuclein inclusion body  (IAGP)
anoxia  (IAGP)
aphagia  (IAGP)
atelectasis  (IAGP)
blood vessel congestion  (IAGP)
bradykinesia  (IAGP)
catalepsy  (IAGP)
decreased birth body size  (IAGP)
decreased body size  (IAGP)
decreased body weight  (IAGP)
decreased brain size  (IAGP)
decreased chemically-elicited antinociception  (IAGP)
decreased compensatory feeding amount  (IAGP)
decreased dopamine level  (IAGP)
decreased food intake  (IAGP)
decreased heart rate  (IAGP)
decreased locomotor activity  (IAGP)
decreased neuron number  (IAGP)
decreased noradrenaline level  (IAGP)
decreased stereotypic behavior  (IAGP)
dilated heart atrium  (IAGP)
embryonic lethality during organogenesis, incomplete penetrance  (IAGP)
excessive scratching  (IAGP)
fetal cardiomyocyte disarray  (IAGP)
fetal cardiomyocyte vacuoles  (IAGP)
gliosis  (IAGP)
heart vascular congestion  (IAGP)
hunched posture  (IAGP)
hyperactivity  (IAGP)
hyporesponsive to tactile stimuli  (IAGP)
impaired behavioral response to addictive substance  (IAGP)
impaired coordination  (IAGP)
increased food intake  (IAGP)
increased metastatic potential  (IAGP)
increased neuroblastoma incidence  (IAGP)
increased pruritus  (IAGP)
increased serotonin level  (IAGP)
increased stereotypic behavior  (IAGP)
increased thermal nociceptive threshold  (IAGP)
increased thigmotaxis  (IAGP)
lethality throughout fetal growth and development, incomplete penetrance  (IAGP)
liver vascular congestion  (IAGP)
loss of dopaminergic neurons  (IAGP)
mixed cellular infiltration to dermis  (IAGP)
neonatal lethality, complete penetrance  (IAGP)
neuron degeneration  (IAGP)
no abnormal phenotype detected  (IAGP)
oxidative stress  (IAGP)
perinatal lethality, incomplete penetrance  (IAGP)
poor grooming  (IAGP)
postnatal lethality  (IAGP)
postnatal lethality, complete penetrance  (IAGP)
premature death  (IAGP)
prenatal lethality, complete penetrance  (IAGP)
preweaning lethality, complete penetrance  (IAGP)
respiratory failure  (IAGP)
skin lesions  (IAGP)
thick epidermis  (IAGP)
ventricular hypoplasia  (IAGP)
visceral vascular congestion  (IAGP)
weakness  (IAGP)
weight loss  (IAGP)
References

References - curated
# Reference Title Reference Citation
1. The activity of some neurotransmitter-synthetizing enzymes in experimental cobalt epilepsy. Altamura AC, etal., Neurosci Lett. 1978 Jan;7(1):83-7.
2. Striatal and nigral pathology in a lentiviral rat model of Machado-Joseph disease. Alves S, etal., Hum Mol Genet. 2008 Jul 15;17(14):2071-83. Epub 2008 Apr 1.
3. Nicotine dependence in a prospective population-based study of adolescents: the protective role of a functional tyrosine hydroxylase polymorphism. Anney RJ, etal., Pharmacogenetics. 2004 Feb;14(2):73-81.
4. A human tyrosine hydroxylase isoform associated with progressive supranuclear palsy shows altered enzymatic activity. Bodeau-Pean S, etal., J Biol Chem. 1999 Feb 5;274(6):3469-75.
5. Selective losses of brainstem catecholamine neurons after hypoxia-ischemia in the immature rat pup. Buller KM, etal., Pediatr Res. 2008 Apr;63(4):364-9.
6. Activation of Different Neuronal Phenotypes in the Rat Brain Induced by Liver Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury: Dual Fos/Neuropeptide Immunohistochemistry. Bundzikova J, etal., Cell Mol Neurobiol. 2010 Nov 9.
7. Continuous DOPA synthesis from a single AAV: dosing and efficacy in models of Parkinson's disease. Cederfjäll E, etal., Sci Rep. 2013;3:2157. doi: 10.1038/srep02157.
8. Down-regulation of genes related to the adrenergic system may contribute to splanchnic vasodilation in rat portal hypertension. Coll M, etal., J Hepatol. 2008 Jul;49(1):43-51. Epub 2008 Apr 18.
9. Atrophy of mesenteric sympathetic innervation may contribute to splanchnic vasodilation in rat portal hypertension. Coll M, etal., Liver Int. 2010 Apr;30(4):593-602. Epub 2009 Nov 30.
10. Tyrosine hydroxylase Val-81-Met polymorphism associated with early-onset alcoholism. Dahmen N, etal., Psychiatr Genet. 2005 Mar;15(1):13-6.
11. Behavioral recovery in 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rats by cotransduction of striatum with tyrosine hydroxylase and aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase genes using two separate adeno-associated virus vectors. Fan DS, etal., Hum Gene Ther. 1998 Nov 20;9(17):2527-35.
12. Symptom-relieving and neuroprotective effects of the phytocannabinoid D(9) -THCV in animal models of Parkinson's disease. Garcia C, etal., Br J Pharmacol. 2011 Feb 16. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01278.x.
13. Association study with 33 single-nucleotide polymorphisms in 11 candidate genes for hypertension in Chinese. Gu D, etal., Hypertension. 2006 Jun;47(6):1147-54. Epub 2006 Apr 24.
14. Tyrosine hydroxylase deficiency causes progressive encephalopathy and dopa-nonresponsive dystonia. Hoffmann GF, etal., Ann Neurol. 2003;54 Suppl 6:S56-65.
15. Effects of insulin treatment without and with recurrent hypoglycemia on hypoglycemic counterregulation and adrenal catecholamine-synthesizing enzymes in diabetic rats. Inouye KE, etal., Endocrinology. 2006 Apr;147(4):1860-70. Epub 2006 Jan 5.
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