Dmd (dystrophin, muscular dystrophy) - Rat Genome Database

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Gene: Dmd (dystrophin, muscular dystrophy) Mus musculus
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Symbol: Dmd
Name: dystrophin, muscular dystrophy
RGD ID: 10479
MGI Page MGI
Description: Enables nitric-oxide synthase binding activity. Involved in several processes, including negative regulation of protein modification process; positive regulation of cell-matrix adhesion; and regulation of monoatomic cation transmembrane transport. Acts upstream of with a positive effect on cholinergic synaptic transmission. Acts upstream of or within several processes, including determination of adult lifespan; muscle cell cellular homeostasis; and nervous system development. Located in several cellular components, including Z disc; cell-substrate junction; and sarcolemma. Part of dystrophin-associated glycoprotein complex. Is active in GABA-ergic synapse and postsynaptic specialization. Is expressed in several structures, including alimentary system; cardiovascular system; central nervous system; genital tubercle; and musculature. Used to study Becker muscular dystrophy and Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Human ortholog(s) of this gene implicated in cognitive disorder; dilated cardiomyopathy (multiple); intellectual disability; and muscular dystrophy (multiple). Orthologous to human DMD (dystrophin).
Type: protein-coding
RefSeq Status: REVIEWED
Previously known as: Dp42; Dp427; Dp7; Dp71; Duchenne muscular dystrophy; DXSmh7; DXSmh9; dy; dys; dystrophin; dystrophin delta-E40e; dystrophin Dp40; dystrophin Dp427-E40e; dystrophin Dp71; dystrophin Dp71 delta110 isoform; dystrophin Dp71 isoform; dystrophin Dp71a; dystrophin Dp71ab; dystrophin Dp71b; dystrophin Dp71c isoform; dystrophin Dp71d delta71,74 isoform; dystrophin Dp71d delta74 isoform; dystrophin Dp71d(delta71,73-74); dystrophin Dp71f delta71,78 isoform; dystrophin Dp71f delta74 isoform; dystrophin Dp71f-delta71,74; dystrophin E40e; dystrophin E51b; mdx; pk; pke; X-linked muscular dystrophy
RGD Orthologs
Human
Rat
Chinchilla
Bonobo
Dog
Squirrel
Pig
Green Monkey
Naked Mole-Rat
Alliance Orthologs
More Info more info ...
Latest Assembly: GRCm39 - Mouse Genome Assembly GRCm39
Position:
Mouse AssemblyChrPosition (strand)SourceGenome Browsers
JBrowseNCBIUCSCEnsembl
GRCm39X81,858,244 - 84,248,656 (+)NCBIGRCm39GRCm39mm39
GRCm39 EnsemblX81,992,476 - 84,249,747 (+)EnsemblGRCm39 Ensembl
GRCm38X82,814,664 - 85,205,050 (+)NCBIGRCm38GRCm38mm10GRCm38
GRCm38.p6 EnsemblX82,948,870 - 85,206,141 (+)EnsemblGRCm38mm10GRCm38
MGSCv37X80,194,209 - 82,450,389 (+)NCBIGRCm37MGSCv37mm9NCBIm37
MGSCv36X79,201,622 - 81,457,760 (+)NCBIMGSCv36mm8
CeleraX74,178,103 - 76,399,942 (+)NCBICelera
Cytogenetic MapXC1NCBI
cM MapX38.38NCBI
JBrowse: View Region in Genome Browser (JBrowse)
Model


Disease Annotations     Click to see Annotation Detail View
Animal Disease Models  (ISO)
arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy  (ISO)
Ataxia  (ISO)
atrial heart septal defect  (ISO)
autistic disorder  (ISO)
Becker muscular dystrophy  (IAGP,ISO)
brain edema  (ISO)
Brugada syndrome  (ISO)
calcinosis  (ISO)
Cardiac Conduction Defect  (ISO)
Cardiac Fibrosis  (ISO)
Cardiomegaly  (ISO)
cardiomyopathy  (ISO)
cataract  (IMP)
cognitive disorder  (ISO)
color blindness  (ISO)
colorectal cancer  (ISO)
congestive heart failure  (ISO)
Dehydration  (ISO)
dilated cardiomyopathy  (ISO)
dilated cardiomyopathy 1A  (ISO)
dilated cardiomyopathy 1B  (ISO)
dilated cardiomyopathy 1H  (ISO)
Dilated Cardiomyopathy with Left Ventricular Noncompaction  (ISO)
Duchenne muscular dystrophy  (IAGP,IGI,IMP,ISO)
embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma  (ISO)
Exertional Myalgia, Muscle Stiffness and Myoglobinuria  (ISO)
Experimental Seizures  (ISO)
familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy  (ISO)
Fanconi anemia complementation group A  (ISO)
Funnel Chest  (ISO)
gastrointestinal stromal tumor  (ISO)
genetic disease  (ISO)
Heart Block  (ISO)
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy  (ISO)
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 1  (ISO)
intellectual disability  (ISO)
isolated elevated serum creatine phosphokinase levels  (ISO)
leiomyosarcoma  (ISO)
long QT syndrome  (ISO)
McLeod syndrome  (ISO)
Muscle Cramp  (ISO)
Muscle Weakness  (ISO)
muscular atrophy  (ISO)
muscular dystrophy  (ISO)
Muscular Dystrophy, Animal  (ISO)
myocarditis  (IMP)
myopathy  (ISO)
Necrosis  (ISO)
Neoplasm Invasiveness  (ISO)
Neoplasm Metastasis  (ISO)
Neurodevelopmental Disorders  (ISO)
orbital disease  (ISO)
ornithine carbamoyltransferase deficiency  (ISO)
polycystic ovary syndrome  (ISO)
ptosis  (ISO)
restrictive cardiomyopathy  (ISO)
retinal degeneration  (ISO)
schizophrenia  (ISO)
Spasm  (ISO)
status epilepticus  (ISO)
Sudden Unexpected Nocturnal Death Syndrome  (ISO)
syndromic X-linked intellectual disability Lubs type  (ISO)
Ventricular Dysfunction  (ISO)
X-linked adrenal hypoplasia congenita  (ISO)
X-linked dilated cardiomyopathy  (ISO)

Gene-Chemical Interaction Annotations     Click to see Annotation Detail View
(+)-pilocarpine  (ISO)
(-)-demecolcine  (ISO)
1,2-dimethylhydrazine  (EXP)
17beta-estradiol  (ISO)
2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl  (EXP)
2,2',5,5'-tetrachlorobiphenyl  (EXP)
2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxine  (ISO)
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzofuran  (ISO)
2,6-dinitrotoluene  (ISO)
3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl  (ISO)
3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine  (EXP)
4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane  (EXP)
4,4'-sulfonyldiphenol  (EXP,ISO)
4-hydroxyphenyl retinamide  (EXP)
6-propyl-2-thiouracil  (ISO)
6alpha-methylprednisolone  (EXP)
acetaldehyde  (EXP)
acrylamide  (ISO)
aflatoxin B1  (EXP,ISO)
all-trans-retinoic acid  (ISO)
ammonium chloride  (ISO)
antirheumatic drug  (ISO)
apocynin  (EXP)
aristolochic acid A  (ISO)
arsenite(3-)  (ISO)
ATP  (EXP)
atrazine  (ISO)
benzo[a]pyrene  (EXP,ISO)
benzo[a]pyrene diol epoxide I  (ISO)
bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide  (EXP)
bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate  (ISO)
bisphenol A  (EXP,ISO)
bisphenol F  (EXP)
cadmium atom  (ISO)
cadmium dichloride  (ISO)
caffeine  (ISO)
calcium atom  (EXP)
calcium(0)  (EXP)
cannabidiol  (EXP)
Cannabidivarin  (EXP)
cantharidin  (EXP)
carbon nanotube  (EXP)
CGP 52608  (ISO)
chlordecone  (EXP)
chromium(6+)  (ISO)
clofibrate  (EXP)
copper(II) chloride  (ISO)
coumarin  (ISO)
crocidolite asbestos  (EXP)
Cuprizon  (ISO)
cyclosporin A  (ISO)
daunorubicin  (ISO)
DDT  (ISO)
dibutyl phthalate  (EXP)
dinophysistoxin 1  (ISO)
dioxygen  (EXP)
dobutamine  (EXP)
doxorubicin  (EXP,ISO)
endosulfan  (ISO)
ethanol  (EXP)
etoposide  (ISO)
fenofibrate  (EXP)
flusilazole  (EXP)
folic acid  (EXP)
formaldehyde  (ISO)
FR900359  (ISO)
fulvestrant  (ISO)
geldanamycin  (ISO)
genistein  (ISO)
gentamycin  (EXP,ISO)
graphite  (ISO)
hydrogen peroxide  (ISO)
isoprenaline  (EXP,ISO)
lead(0)  (ISO)
lipopolysaccharide  (ISO)
menadione  (EXP)
methamphetamine  (EXP)
methoxychlor  (ISO)
mitomycin C  (ISO)
mitoxantrone  (ISO)
mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate  (EXP)
N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea  (EXP)
nickel atom  (ISO)
nifedipine  (EXP)
ozone  (EXP)
paracetamol  (EXP,ISO)
paraquat  (EXP)
PCB138  (EXP,ISO)
pirinixic acid  (EXP)
progesterone  (ISO)
propanal  (ISO)
resveratrol  (EXP)
S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine  (ISO)
serpentine asbestos  (ISO)
silicon dioxide  (ISO)
sodium arsenate  (EXP)
sodium arsenite  (ISO)
spermine  (EXP)
taurine  (EXP)
tetrachloromethane  (EXP)
tioguanine  (ISO)
trichostatin A  (ISO)
triptonide  (EXP)
valproic acid  (ISO)
vinclozolin  (ISO)
vincristine  (ISO)
vorinostat  (ISO)
zidovudine  (EXP)

Gene Ontology Annotations     Click to see Annotation Detail View

Biological Process
apoptotic process  (IMP)
bone development  (IGI)
cardiac muscle cell action potential  (IMP)
cardiac muscle contraction  (ISO)
cell differentiation  (ISO)
cerebral cortex development  (IEA,ISO)
connective tissue development  (IGI)
determination of adult lifespan  (IGI)
establishment of blood-nerve barrier  (IMP)
establishment of glial blood-brain barrier  (IMP)
gene expression  (IGI,IMP)
inflammatory response  (IMP)
limb development  (IGI)
multicellular organism growth  (IGI)
muscle cell cellular homeostasis  (IMP)
muscle cell development  (IBA,IGI,IMP)
muscle cell differentiation  (ISO)
muscle organ development  (IMP)
myotube cell development  (IMP)
negative regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade  (IMP)
negative regulation of neuron differentiation  (ISO)
negative regulation of peptidyl-cysteine S-nitrosylation  (IMP)
negative regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylation  (IMP)
neuron development  (IBA)
neuron differentiation  (ISO)
neuron projection morphogenesis  (IEA,ISO)
nucleus localization  (IMP)
olfactory nerve structural organization  (IMP)
peptide biosynthetic process  (ISO)
positive regulation of cell population proliferation  (IEA,ISO)
positive regulation of cell-matrix adhesion  (IMP)
positive regulation of neuron differentiation  (IEA,ISO)
positive regulation of neuron projection development  (IEA,ISO)
positive regulation of sodium ion transmembrane transporter activity  (IMP)
protein localization  (IMP,ISO)
protein-containing complex assembly  (IMP)
reactive oxygen species biosynthetic process  (IMP)
regulation of cardiac muscle contraction by regulation of the release of sequestered calcium ion  (IMP)
regulation of cellular response to growth factor stimulus  (IEA,ISO)
regulation of DNA-templated transcription  (IMP)
regulation of gene expression  (IMP)
regulation of heart rate  (IMP,ISO)
regulation of membrane potential  (IMP)
regulation of muscle system process  (IBA)
regulation of release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol by sarcoplasmic reticulum  (IMP)
regulation of ryanodine-sensitive calcium-release channel activity  (IMP)
regulation of skeletal muscle contraction  (IMP)
regulation of skeletal muscle contraction by regulation of release of sequestered calcium ion  (IMP)
regulation of voltage-gated calcium channel activity  (IMP)
response to denervation involved in regulation of muscle adaptation  (IEA,ISO)
response to muscle stretch  (IMP)
response to xenobiotic stimulus  (IMP)
skeletal muscle tissue development  (IBA,IGI,IMP)
skeletal muscle tissue regeneration  (IGI,IMP,ISO)
striated muscle cell development  (IGI)
striated muscle contraction  (IGI)
synaptic signaling  (IBA)
synaptic transmission, cholinergic  (IMP)
walking behavior  (IGI)

Molecular Function

Molecular Pathway Annotations     Click to see Annotation Detail View
Phenotype Annotations     Click to see Annotation Detail View

Mammalian Phenotype
abnormal atrium myocardial trabeculae morphology  (IAGP)
abnormal auditory brainstem response waveform shape  (IAGP)
abnormal blood circulation  (IAGP)
abnormal bone structure  (IEA)
abnormal breathing pattern  (IAGP)
abnormal calcium level  (IAGP)
abnormal cardiovascular system morphology  (IAGP)
abnormal circulating pyruvate kinase level  (IAGP)
abnormal corticotroph morphology  (IAGP)
abnormal diaphragm morphology  (IAGP)
abnormal digestive system morphology  (IAGP)
abnormal epaxial muscle morphology  (IAGP)
abnormal eye electrophysiology  (IAGP)
abnormal gait  (IAGP)
abnormal grip strength  (IAGP)
abnormal heart atrium morphology  (IAGP)
abnormal heart echocardiography feature  (IAGP)
abnormal heart ventricle morphology  (IAGP)
abnormal hindlimb morphology  (IAGP)
abnormal hypaxial muscle morphology  (IAGP)
abnormal intercostal muscle morphology  (IAGP)
abnormal limb morphology  (IAGP)
abnormal mitochondrial shape  (IAGP)
abnormal motor capabilities/coordination/movement  (IAGP)
abnormal Muller cell morphology  (IAGP)
abnormal muscle contractility  (IAGP)
abnormal muscle development  (IAGP)
abnormal muscle electrophysiology  (IAGP)
abnormal muscle fiber morphology  (IAGP)
abnormal muscle morphology  (IAGP)
abnormal muscle physiology  (IAGP)
abnormal muscle relaxation  (IAGP)
abnormal muscle tone  (IAGP)
abnormal myocardial fiber morphology  (IAGP)
abnormal myocardial fiber physiology  (IAGP)
abnormal myotube morphology  (IAGP)
abnormal neuromuscular synapse morphology  (IAGP)
abnormal physical strength  (IAGP)
abnormal plasma membrane morphology  (IAGP)
abnormal posture  (IAGP)
abnormal respiratory quotient  (IAGP)
abnormal sarcolemma morphology  (IAGP)
abnormal scalene muscle morphology  (IAGP)
abnormal skeletal muscle fiber morphology  (IAGP)
abnormal skeletal muscle fiber size  (IAGP)
abnormal skeletal muscle fiber type ratio  (IAGP)
abnormal skeletal muscle morphology  (IAGP)
abnormal skeletal muscle regeneration  (IAGP)
abnormal skeletal muscle satellite cell proliferation  (IAGP)
abnormal spine curvature  (IAGP)
abnormal vertebral column morphology  (IAGP)
absent CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cells  (IAGP)
absent CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cells  (IAGP)
anterior subcapsular cataract  (IAGP)
calcified muscle  (IAGP)
cardiac fibrosis  (IAGP)
cardiac interstitial fibrosis  (IAGP)
cardiac muscle degeneration  (IAGP)
cardiac muscle necrosis  (IAGP)
cardiomyopathy  (IAGP)
centrally nucleated skeletal muscle fibers  (IAGP)
chromosomal instability  (IAGP)
decreased aerobic running capacity  (IAGP)
decreased B cell number  (IAGP)
decreased body fat mass  (IAGP)
decreased body mass index  (IAGP)
decreased body size  (IAGP)
decreased body weight  (IAGP)
decreased bone mineral content  (IEA)
decreased cardiac muscle contractility  (IAGP)
decreased cardiac output  (IAGP)
decreased cardiac stroke volume  (IAGP)
decreased granulocyte number  (IAGP)
decreased grip strength  (IAGP)
decreased heart ventricle muscle contractility  (IAGP)
decreased lean body mass  (IAGP)
decreased litter size  (IAGP)
decreased locomotor activity  (IAGP)
decreased macrophage cell number  (IAGP)
decreased mean corpuscular hemoglobin  (IEA)
decreased mean corpuscular volume  (IEA)
decreased mitochondrial size  (IAGP)
decreased muscle weight  (IAGP)
decreased neutrophil cell number  (IAGP)
decreased P wave amplitude  (IAGP)
decreased physiological sensitivity to xenobiotic  (IAGP)
decreased quadriceps weight  (IAGP)
decreased satellite cell number  (IAGP)
decreased skeletal muscle fiber diameter  (IAGP)
decreased skeletal muscle fiber number  (IAGP)
decreased skeletal muscle fiber size  (IAGP)
decreased skeletal muscle mass  (IAGP)
decreased skeletal muscle weight  (IAGP)
decreased susceptibility to injury  (IAGP)
decreased susceptibility to Picornaviridae infection  (IAGP)
decreased T cell number  (IAGP)
decreased telomere length  (IAGP)
decreased total body fat amount  (IEA)
decreased transforming growth factor beta level  (IAGP)
diaphragmitis  (IAGP)
dilated cardiomyopathy  (IAGP)
dilated heart left ventricle  (IAGP)
dilated sarcoplasmic reticulum  (IAGP)
disorganized mitochondrial cristae  (IAGP)
dystrophic cardiac calcinosis  (IAGP)
dystrophic muscle  (IAGP)
enhanced skeletal muscle regeneration  (IAGP)
enlarged heart  (IAGP)
extended life span  (IAGP)
fatigue  (IAGP)
heart inflammation  (IAGP)
impaired coordination  (IAGP)
impaired exercise endurance  (IAGP)
impaired muscle relaxation  (IAGP)
impaired skeletal muscle contractility  (IAGP)
impaired skeletal muscle regeneration  (IAGP)
increased body size  (IAGP)
increased body weight  (IAGP)
increased capillary density  (IAGP)
increased carbon dioxide production  (IAGP)
increased cardiac muscle contractility  (IAGP)
increased circulating alanine transaminase level  (IEA)
increased circulating alkaline phosphatase level  (IEA)
increased circulating aspartate transaminase level  (IEA)
increased circulating creatine kinase level  (IAGP)
increased circulating serum albumin level  (IEA)
increased circulating total protein level  (IEA)
increased creatine kinase activity  (IAGP)
increased creatine kinase level  (IAGP)
increased growth hormone level  (IAGP)
increased heart left ventricle size  (IAGP)
increased heart weight  (IAGP)
increased interferon-gamma secretion  (IAGP)
increased interleukin-12 secretion  (IAGP)
increased interleukin-2 secretion  (IAGP)
increased interleukin-4 secretion  (IAGP)
increased interleukin-6 secretion  (IAGP)
increased lean body mass  (IEA)
increased macrophage cell number  (IAGP)
increased mitochondrial number  (IAGP)
increased monocyte cell number  (IAGP)
increased muscle fatigability  (IAGP)
increased myocardial fiber size  (IAGP)
increased or absent threshold for auditory brainstem response  (IAGP)
increased oxygen consumption  (IAGP)
increased quadriceps weight  (IAGP)
increased red blood cell distribution width  (IEA)
increased regulatory T cell number  (IAGP)
increased satellite cell number  (IAGP)
increased skeletal muscle fiber diameter  (IAGP)
increased skeletal muscle fiber number  (IAGP)
increased skeletal muscle fiber size  (IAGP)
increased skeletal muscle mass  (IAGP)
increased skeletal muscle weight  (IAGP)
increased somatotroph cell size  (IAGP)
increased susceptibility to injury  (IAGP)
increased susceptibility to noise-induced hearing loss  (IAGP)
increased T cell number  (IAGP)
increased total body fat amount  (IAGP)
increased transforming growth factor beta level  (IAGP)
increased tumor necrosis factor secretion  (IAGP)
increased variability of skeletal muscle fiber size  (IAGP)
kyphosis  (IAGP)
male infertility  (IAGP)
muscle degeneration  (IAGP)
muscle weakness  (IAGP)
muscular atrophy  (IAGP)
myocardial fiber degeneration  (IAGP)
myocardial fiber disarray  (IAGP)
myocarditis  (IAGP)
myocardium necrosis  (IAGP)
myopathy  (IAGP)
myositis  (IAGP)
no abnormal phenotype detected  (IAGP)
nuclear cataract  (IAGP)
oxidative stress  (IAGP)
postnatal growth retardation  (IAGP)
postnatal lethality, incomplete penetrance  (IAGP)
premature death  (IAGP)
preweaning lethality, incomplete penetrance  (IAGP)
progressive muscle weakness  (IAGP)
prolonged P wave  (IAGP)
prolonged QRS complex duration  (IAGP)
reduced female fertility  (IAGP)
reduced fertility  (IAGP)
respiratory failure  (IAGP)
retina ischemia  (IAGP)
short stride length  (IAGP)
skeletal muscle atrophy  (IAGP)
skeletal muscle degeneration  (IAGP)
skeletal muscle endomysial fibrosis  (IAGP)
skeletal muscle fiber atrophy  (IAGP)
skeletal muscle fiber degeneration  (IAGP)
skeletal muscle fiber necrosis  (IAGP)
skeletal muscle fibrosis  (IAGP)
skeletal muscle hypertrophy  (IAGP)
skeletal muscle interstitial fibrosis  (IAGP)
skeletal muscle necrosis  (IAGP)
slow postnatal weight gain  (IAGP)
thick ventricular wall  (IAGP)
thin diaphragm muscle  (IAGP)
thrombocytosis  (IEA)
tremors  (IAGP)
ventricular cardiomyopathy  (IAGP)
weakness  (IAGP)
weight loss  (IAGP)
References

References - curated
# Reference Title Reference Citation
1. Decreased myocardial expression of dystrophin and titin mRNA and protein in dilated cardiomyopathy: possibly an adverse effect of TNF-alpha. Ahmad S, etal., J Clin Immunol. 2010 Jul;30(4):520-30. Epub 2010 Apr 7.
2. Association between loss of dp140 and cognitive impairment in duchenne and becker dystrophies. Chamova T, etal., Balkan J Med Genet. 2013 Jun;16(1):21-30. doi: 10.2478/bjmg-2013-0014.
3. Genetic and physical mapping of the biglycan gene on the mouse X chromosome. Chatterjee A, etal., Mamm Genome 1993;4(1):33-6.
4. Differential distribution of dystrophins in rat retina. Claudepierre T, etal., Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1999 Jun;40(7):1520-9.
5. A 3-base pair deletion, c.9711_9713del, in DMD results in intellectual disability without muscular dystrophy. de Brouwer AP, etal., Eur J Hum Genet. 2014 Apr;22(4):480-5. doi: 10.1038/ejhg.2013.169. Epub 2013 Jul 31.
6. Utrophin-dystrophin-deficient mice as a model for Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Deconinck AE, etal., Cell 1997 Aug 22;90(4):717-27.
7. Dystrophins in neurohypophysial lobe of normal and dehydrated rats: immunolocalization and biochemical characterization. Dorbani-Mamine L, etal., Neuroreport. 1998 Nov 16;9(16):3583-7.
8. Mutations in the dystrophin gene are associated with sporadic dilated cardiomyopathy. Feng J, etal., Mol Genet Metab. 2002 Sep-Oct;77(1-2):119-26.
9. Anti-dystrophin T cell responses in Duchenne muscular dystrophy: prevalence and a glucocorticoid treatment effect. Flanigan KM, etal., Hum Gene Ther. 2013 Sep;24(9):797-806. doi: 10.1089/hum.2013.092.
10. Lack of dystrophin protein Dp71 results in progressive cataract formation due to loss of fiber cell organization. Fort PE, etal., Mol Vis. 2014 Nov 4;20:1480-90. eCollection 2014.
11. Kainate-evoked changes in dystrophin messenger RNA levels in the rat hippocampus. Górecki DC, etal., Neuroscience. 1998 May;84(2):467-77.
12. Interleukin-18 attenuates disruption of brain-blood barrier induced by status epilepticus within the rat piriform cortex in interferon-gamma independent pathway. Jung HK, etal., Brain Res. 2012 Apr 4;1447:126-34. Epub 2012 Jan 31.
13. A candidate spermatogenesis gene on the mouse Y chromosome is homologous to ubiquitin-activating enzyme E1. Kay GF, etal., Nature 1991 Dec 12;354(6353):486-9.
14. Astroglial loss and edema formation in the rat piriform cortex and hippocampus following pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus. Kim JE, etal., J Comp Neurol. 2010 Nov 15;518(22):4612-28.
15. Characterization of dystrophin deficient rats: a new model for Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Larcher T, etal., PLoS One. 2014 Oct 13;9(10):e110371. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110371. eCollection 2014.
16. Frame-shift deletions in patients with Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy. Malhotra SB, etal., Science. 1988 Nov 4;242(4879):755-9.
17. Electronic Transfer of Homolog Data MGD and Homologene mouse data transfer
18. MGDs mouse GO annotations MGD data from the GO Consortium
19. MGD IEA MGD IEA
20. Preventing phosphorylation of dystroglycan ameliorates the dystrophic phenotype in mdx mouse. Miller G, etal., Hum Mol Genet. 2012 Oct 15;21(20):4508-20. Epub 2012 Jul 18.
21. Generation of muscular dystrophy model rats with a CRISPR/Cas system. Nakamura K, etal., Sci Rep. 2014 Jul 9;4:5635. doi: 10.1038/srep05635.
22. OMIM Disease Annotation Pipeline OMIM Disease Annotation Pipeline
23. KEGG Annotation Import Pipeline Pipeline to import KEGG annotations from KEGG into RGD
24. Mouse MP Annotation Import Pipeline RGD automated import pipeline
25. ClinVar Automated Import and Annotation Pipeline RGD automated import pipeline for ClinVar variants, variant-to-disease annotations and gene-to-disease annotations
26. Data Import for Chemical-Gene Interactions RGD automated import pipeline for gene-chemical interactions
27. DMD transcript imbalance determines dystrophin levels. Spitali P, etal., FASEB J. 2013 Dec;27(12):4909-16. doi: 10.1096/fj.13-232025. Epub 2013 Aug 23.
28. Remodeling of dystrophin and sarcomeric Z-band occurs in pediatric cardiomyopathies: a unifying mechanism for force transmission defect. Vatta M, etal., J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown). 2009 Feb;10(2):149-56. doi: 10.2459/JCM.0b013e328318954c.
29. Cardiomyopathy in dystrophin-deficient hearts is prevented by expression of a neuronal nitric oxide synthase transgene in the myocardium. Wehling-Henricks M, etal., Hum Mol Genet. 2005 Jul 15;14(14):1921-33. doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddi197. Epub 2005 May 25.
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