amino-acid betaine - Ontology Report - Rat Genome Database

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The Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI) ontology is downloaded weekly from EMBL-EBI at http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/. The data is made available under the Creative Commons License (CC BY 3.0, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/). For more information see: Degtyarenko et al. (2008) ChEBI: a database and ontology for chemical entities of biological interest. Nucleic Acids Res. 36, D344–D350.

Term:	amino-acid betaine	go back to main search page
Accession:	CHEBI:22860	browse the term
Definition:	Any amino acid-derived zwitterion - such as glycine betaine (N,N,N-trimethylammonioacetate) - in which the ammonium nitrogen carries methyl substituents and bears no hydrogen atoms.
Synonyms:	related_synonym:	amino-acid betaines; betaines

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Genes (275)

(R)-carnitine

term browser

Symbol

Object Name

Qualifiers

Evidence

Notes

Source

PubMed Reference(s)

RGD Reference(s)

Position

G

acetyl-CoA carboxylase alpha

decreases expression

Carnitine results in decreased expression of ACACA protein

NCBI chr10:69,014,261...69,276,453
Ensembl chr10:69,014,170...69,276,457

G

acetyl-CoA carboxylase beta

decreases expression

Carnitine results in decreased expression of ACACB protein

NCBI chr12:42,365,800...42,477,651
Ensembl chr12:42,366,548...42,457,655

G

adiponectin, C1Q and collagen domain containing

increases expression

Carnitine results in increased expression of ADIPOQ protein

NCBI chr11:77,721,912...77,735,644
Ensembl chr11:77,721,912...77,735,564

G

AKT serine/threonine kinase 1

multiple interactions
increases phosphorylation

2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one inhibits the reaction [Carnitine results in increased phosphorylation of AKT1 protein]

NCBI chr 6:131,713,716...131,735,319
Ensembl chr 6:131,713,720...131,733,921

G

amyloid beta precursor protein

multiple interactions

Carnitine promotes the reaction [Paraquat deficiency inhibits the reaction [Paraquat promotes the reaction [APP protein binds to APP protein]]]

NCBI chr11:24,019,774...24,236,584
Ensembl chr11:24,019,778...24,236,561

G

BCL2 associated X, apoptosis regulator

decreases expression
multiple interactions

Carnitine results in decreased expression of BAX protein
2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one inhibits the reaction [Carnitine results in decreased expression of BAX protein]; Carnitine inhibits the reaction [Atrazine results in increased expression of BAX mRNA]; Carnitine inhibits the reaction [Methotrexate results in increased expression of BAX protein]

PMID:29186614 PMID:36282381 PMID:37312617

NCBI chr 1:95,940,001...95,945,407
Ensembl chr 1:95,938,808...95,945,368

G

gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase 1

multiple interactions
increases chemical synthesis

Aluminum inhibits the reaction [BBOX1 protein results in increased chemical synthesis of Carnitine]; Hydrogen Peroxide inhibits the reaction [BBOX1 protein results in increased chemical synthesis of Carnitine]; Ketoglutaric Acids inhibits the reaction [Aluminum inhibits the reaction [BBOX1 protein results in increased chemical synthesis of Carnitine]]; Ketoglutaric Acids inhibits the reaction [Hydrogen Peroxide inhibits the reaction [BBOX1 protein results in increased chemical synthesis of Carnitine]]

NCBI chr 3:96,822,654...96,871,786
Ensembl chr 3:96,822,655...96,871,458

G

BCL2, apoptosis regulator

multiple interactions
increases phosphorylation

2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one inhibits the reaction [Carnitine results in increased phosphorylation of BCL2 protein]; Carnitine inhibits the reaction [Atrazine results in decreased expression of BCL2 mRNA]; Carnitine inhibits the reaction [Ifosfamide results in decreased expression of BCL2 mRNA]; Carnitine inhibits the reaction [Methotrexate results in decreased expression of BCL2 protein]

PMID:23213347 PMID:29186614 PMID:36282381 PMID:37312617

NCBI chr13:22,689,783...22,853,920
Ensembl chr13:22,684,989...22,853,743
Ensembl chr13:22,684,989...22,853,743

G

Bcl2-like 1

multiple interactions

Carnitine inhibits the reaction [Gentamicins results in decreased expression of BCL2L1 protein]

NCBI chr 3:141,253,508...141,304,582
Ensembl chr 3:141,253,523...141,303,479
Ensembl chr 1:141,253,523...141,303,479

G

caspase 3

multiple interactions
increases expression

Carnitine inhibits the reaction [Atrazine results in increased expression of CASP3 mRNA]; Carnitine inhibits the reaction [Gentamicins results in increased cleavage of CASP3 protein]; Carnitine inhibits the reaction [Ifosfamide results in increased expression of CASP3 mRNA]; Carnitine inhibits the reaction [Iohexol promotes the reaction [Glycerol results in increased expression of CASP3 mRNA]]; Carnitine inhibits the reaction [Methotrexate results in increased expression of CASP3 protein]
Carnitine results in increased expression of CASP3 protein
Carnitine inhibits the reaction [quinone results in increased activity of CASP3 protein]

PMID:19491382 PMID:23213347 PMID:25669660 PMID:26562095 PMID:32478940 More...

NCBI chr16:45,662,910...45,681,171
Ensembl chr16:45,662,910...45,684,648

G

caspase 8

multiple interactions

Carnitine inhibits the reaction [quinone results in increased activity of CASP8 protein]

NCBI chr 9:60,263,863...60,312,542
Ensembl chr 9:60,264,075...60,312,542

G

caspase 9

multiple interactions

Carnitine inhibits the reaction [Ifosfamide results in increased expression of CASP9 mRNA]
Carnitine inhibits the reaction [quinone results in increased activity of CASP9 protein]

PMID:23213347 PMID:32478940

NCBI chr 5:154,108,872...154,126,628
Ensembl chr 5:154,109,046...154,126,626

G

catalase

multiple interactions

Carnitine inhibits the reaction [Diethylnitrosamine results in decreased activity of CAT protein]; Carnitine inhibits the reaction [Doxorubicin results in decreased activity of CAT protein]; Carnitine inhibits the reaction [Ifosfamide results in decreased expression of CAT mRNA]

PMID:16889571 PMID:19294768 PMID:23213347

NCBI chr 3:89,842,393...89,874,577
Ensembl chr 3:89,842,399...89,874,478

G

cellular communication network factor 2

multiple interactions

Carnitine inhibits the reaction [Sunitinib results in increased expression of CCN2 mRNA]

NCBI chr 1:20,802,199...20,805,315
Ensembl chr 1:20,802,199...20,805,734

G

cadherin 1

multiple interactions

Carnitine inhibits the reaction [perfluorooctane sulfonic acid results in decreased expression of CDH1 protein]

NCBI chr19:34,492,371...34,561,775
Ensembl chr19:34,492,371...34,561,775

G

collagen type I alpha 1 chain

multiple interactions

Carnitine inhibits the reaction [perfluorooctane sulfonic acid results in increased expression of COL1A1 mRNA]; Carnitine inhibits the reaction [Sunitinib results in increased expression of COL1A1 mRNA]

PMID:26581635 PMID:28973641

NCBI chr10:79,883,622...79,900,625
Ensembl chr10:79,883,622...79,900,624

G

collagen type II alpha 1 chain

multiple interactions

[COL2A1 protein co-treated with Freund's Adjuvant] affects the abundance of Carnitine; [geniposide co-treated with phellodendrine co-treated with magnoflorine co-treated with Chlorogenic Acid co-treated with crocin co-treated with Flavonoids co-treated with Berberine Alkaloids] inhibits the reaction [[COL2A1 protein co-treated with Freund's Adjuvant] results in increased abundance of Carnitine]; Dexamethasone inhibits the reaction [[COL2A1 protein co-treated with Freund's Adjuvant] results in increased abundance of Carnitine]; huang-lien-chieh-tu-tang inhibits the reaction [[COL2A1 protein co-treated with Freund's Adjuvant] results in increased abundance of Carnitine]

NCBI chr 7:129,098,489...129,127,560
Ensembl chr 7:129,098,786...129,127,546

G

carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A

multiple interactions

valproyl-coenzyme A inhibits the reaction [CPT1A protein results in increased metabolism of Carnitine]
[Doxorubicin co-treated with Carnitine] results in increased expression of CPT1A mRNA; [Genistein co-treated with Carnitine] results in increased expression of CPT1A protein; Carnitine inhibits the reaction [quinone results in decreased expression of CPT1A protein]

PMID:16283381 PMID:16362726 PMID:19854160 PMID:32478940

NCBI chr 1:200,564,634...200,627,059
Ensembl chr 1:200,565,613...200,627,055

G

carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2

multiple interactions
increases expression

Carnitine promotes the reaction [[Bezafibrate results in increased activity of CPT2 protein] which results in increased abundance of Adenosine Triphosphate]
Carnitine results in increased expression of CPT2 protein

PMID:21816645 PMID:25669660

NCBI chr 5:122,664,677...122,682,126
Ensembl chr 5:122,664,677...122,682,095

G

cytochrome b-245 beta chain

multiple interactions

Carnitine inhibits the reaction [Sunitinib results in increased expression of CYBB mRNA]; Carnitine inhibits the reaction [Sunitinib results in increased expression of CYBB protein]

NCBI chr X:13,358,101...13,392,570
Ensembl chr X:13,359,430...13,392,586

G

cytochrome P450, family 17, subfamily a, polypeptide 1

multiple interactions

Carnitine inhibits the reaction [Atrazine results in decreased expression of CYP17A1 mRNA]

NCBI chr 1:245,535,462...245,543,148
Ensembl chr 1:245,535,462...245,541,573

G

cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily e, polypeptide 1

multiple interactions

Carnitine promotes the reaction [Ethanol results in increased expression of CYP2E1 protein]

NCBI chr 1:195,840,330...195,850,728
Ensembl chr 1:195,840,058...195,864,023

G

fatty acid binding protein 3

multiple interactions

Carnitine inhibits the reaction [Doxorubicin results in decreased expression of FABP3 mRNA]

NCBI chr 5:142,651,962...142,658,707
Ensembl chr 5:142,651,956...142,658,718

G

fatty acid binding protein 9

multiple interactions

Carnitine inhibits the reaction [carbendazim results in decreased expression of FABP9 mRNA]; Carnitine inhibits the reaction [carbendazim results in decreased expression of FABP9 protein]

NCBI chr 2:91,591,842...91,595,873
Ensembl chr 2:91,592,298...91,595,873

G

fatty acid synthase

decreases expression

Carnitine results in decreased expression of FASN protein

NCBI chr10:106,072,093...106,090,259
Ensembl chr10:106,072,091...106,090,261

G

follicle stimulating hormone subunit beta

multiple interactions

Carnitine inhibits the reaction [carbendazim results in decreased expression of FSHB protein]

NCBI chr 3:93,548,560...93,552,370
Ensembl chr 3:93,548,560...93,552,370

G

growth differentiation factor 9

multiple interactions
increases expression

Carnitine inhibits the reaction [Cyclophosphamide results in decreased expression of GDF9 mRNA]
Carnitine results in increased expression of GDF9 mRNA

NCBI chr10:37,589,200...37,599,970
Ensembl chr10:37,595,679...37,599,672

G

glial fibrillary acidic protein

multiple interactions

Carnitine inhibits the reaction [Atrazine results in increased expression of GFAP protein]

NCBI chr10:87,852,891...87,861,631
Ensembl chr10:87,852,890...87,861,589

G

gap junction protein, alpha 1

multiple interactions
increases expression

Carnitine inhibits the reaction [Cyclophosphamide results in decreased expression of GJA1 mRNA]
Carnitine results in increased expression of GJA1 mRNA

NCBI chr20:35,756,007...35,768,481
Ensembl chr20:35,755,991...35,768,582

G

gap junction protein, alpha 4

increases expression
multiple interactions

Carnitine results in increased expression of GJA4 mRNA
Carnitine inhibits the reaction [Cyclophosphamide results in decreased expression of GJA4 mRNA]

NCBI chr 5:139,633,324...139,635,857
Ensembl chr 5:139,633,287...139,635,925

G

glutamic--pyruvic transaminase

multiple interactions

Carnitine inhibits the reaction [Atrazine results in increased activity of GPT protein]

NCBI chr 7:108,416,646...108,419,495
Ensembl chr 7:108,416,642...108,419,494

G

glutathione peroxidase 1

multiple interactions

Carnitine inhibits the reaction [Ifosfamide results in decreased expression of GPX1 mRNA]

NCBI chr 8:109,026,905...109,028,031
Ensembl chr 8:109,026,905...109,028,024

G

hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase trifunctional multienzyme complex subunit alpha

multiple interactions

Carnitine inhibits the reaction [quinone results in decreased expression of HADHA protein]

NCBI chr 6:26,187,969...26,227,605
Ensembl chr 6:26,187,956...26,227,869

G

hyaluronan synthase 2

multiple interactions
increases expression

Carnitine inhibits the reaction [Cyclophosphamide results in decreased expression of HAS2 mRNA]
Carnitine results in increased expression of HAS2 mRNA

NCBI chr 7:88,113,326...88,139,337
Ensembl chr 7:88,113,326...88,128,933

G

heme oxygenase 1

multiple interactions

Carnitine inhibits the reaction [Methotrexate results in decreased expression of HMOX1 protein]

NCBI chr19:13,466,287...13,474,082
Ensembl chr19:13,467,244...13,474,079

G

harakiri, BCL2 interacting protein

multiple interactions

Carnitine inhibits the reaction [Gentamicins results in increased expression of HRK mRNA]; Carnitine inhibits the reaction [Gentamicins results in increased expression of HRK protein]

NCBI chr12:38,387,484...38,409,652

G

heat shock protein family A (Hsp70) member 2

multiple interactions

Carnitine inhibits the reaction [Cadmium Chloride results in increased expression of HSPA2 protein]

NCBI chr 6:95,128,504...95,131,281
Ensembl chr 6:95,128,350...95,131,287

G

isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 2

multiple interactions
increases abundance

Triazines inhibits the reaction [IDH2 protein mutant form results in increased abundance of Carnitine]

NCBI chr 1:134,038,644...134,057,969
Ensembl chr 1:134,029,772...134,058,025

G

interleukin 10

multiple interactions

Carnitine inhibits the reaction [carbendazim results in decreased expression of IL10 protein]; Carnitine inhibits the reaction [Sunitinib results in decreased expression of IL10 mRNA]

PMID:26581635 PMID:33965443

NCBI chr13:42,472,625...42,477,308
Ensembl chr13:42,472,839...42,477,313

G

interleukin 18

increases expression

Carnitine results in increased expression of IL18 protein

NCBI chr 8:50,904,630...50,932,887
Ensembl chr 8:50,906,960...50,932,887

G

interleukin 1 beta

multiple interactions
increases expression

Carnitine inhibits the reaction [Iohexol promotes the reaction [Glycerol results in increased expression of IL1B mRNA]]; Carnitine inhibits the reaction [sunitinib results in increased expression of IL1B mRNA]
Carnitine results in increased expression of IL1B protein

PMID:25669660 PMID:26562095 PMID:26581635

NCBI chr 3:116,577,005...116,583,386
Ensembl chr 3:116,577,010...116,583,415

G

interleukin 6

multiple interactions

Carnitine inhibits the reaction [carbendazim results in increased expression of IL6 protein]; Carnitine inhibits the reaction [Methotrexate results in increased expression of IL6 protein]; Carnitine inhibits the reaction [Sunitinib results in increased expression of IL6 mRNA]

PMID:26581635 PMID:33965443 PMID:37312617

NCBI chr 4:5,214,602...5,219,178
Ensembl chr 4:5,213,394...5,219,178

G

insulin 1

decreases uptake
multiple interactions

INS1 protein results in decreased uptake of Carnitine
Carnitine inhibits the reaction [[Dietary Fats co-treated with Fructose] results in increased secretion of INS1 protein]

PMID:28298333 PMID:30256492

NCBI chr 1:251,244,973...251,245,540
Ensembl chr 1:251,244,973...251,245,536

G

lactate dehydrogenase A

multiple interactions

Carnitine inhibits the reaction [Doxorubicin results in increased activity of LDHA protein]

NCBI chr 1:97,371,823...97,381,247
Ensembl chr 1:97,366,021...97,433,472

G

leptin receptor

affects abundance

LEPR affects the abundance of Carnitine

NCBI chr 5:116,294,409...116,477,904
Ensembl chr 5:116,289,823...116,475,908

G

luteinizing hormone subunit beta

multiple interactions

Carnitine inhibits the reaction [carbendazim results in decreased expression of LHB protein]

NCBI chr 1:95,898,269...95,901,973
Ensembl chr 1:95,900,984...95,901,972
Ensembl chr 1:95,900,984...95,901,972

G

matrix metallopeptidase 9

multiple interactions

Carnitine inhibits the reaction [sunitinib results in decreased expression of MMP9 mRNA]

NCBI chr 3:153,684,158...153,692,118
Ensembl chr 3:153,683,858...153,692,120

G

myeloperoxidase

multiple interactions
increases activity

[Carboplatin co-treated with Carnitine deficiency] results in increased expression of MPO protein; Acetaminophen promotes the reaction [Carnitine deficiency results in increased activity of MPO protein]

PMID:18597074 PMID:18852009

NCBI chr10:72,594,883...72,608,862
Ensembl chr10:72,594,661...72,604,819

G

mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase I

multiple interactions

Carnitine inhibits the reaction [nickel chloride results in decreased expression of COX1 mRNA]

NCBI chr MT:5,323...6,867
NCBI chr MT:5,323...6,867
NCBI chr MT:5,323...6,867
NCBI chr MT:5,323...6,867
NCBI chr MT:5,323...6,867
NCBI chr MT:5,323...6,867
NCBI chr MT:5,323...6,867
NCBI chr MT:5,323...6,867
NCBI chr MT:5,323...6,867
NCBI chr MT:5,323...6,867
Ensembl chr MT:5,323...6,867

G

mitochondrially encoded NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase core subunit 6

multiple interactions

Carnitine inhibits the reaction [nickel chloride results in decreased expression of ND6 mRNA]

NCBI chr MT:13,543...14,061
NCBI chr MT:13,543...14,061
NCBI chr MT:13,543...14,061
NCBI chr MT:13,543...14,061
NCBI chr MT:13,543...14,061
NCBI chr MT:13,543...14,061
NCBI chr MT:13,543...14,061
NCBI chr MT:13,543...14,061
NCBI chr MT:13,543...14,061
NCBI chr MT:13,543...14,061
NCBI chr MT:13,543...14,061
NCBI chr MT:13,543...14,061
NCBI chr MT:13,543...14,061
Ensembl chr MT:13,543...14,061

G

microsomal triglyceride transfer protein

multiple interactions

Carnitine inhibits the reaction [Stavudine results in decreased expression of MTTP mRNA]

NCBI chr 2:226,613,090...226,654,239
Ensembl chr 2:226,613,090...226,654,239

G

NFE2 like bZIP transcription factor 2

multiple interactions

Carnitine inhibits the reaction [Methotrexate results in decreased expression of NFE2L2 protein]

NCBI chr 3:60,594,239...60,621,712
Ensembl chr 3:60,594,242...60,621,737

G

NLR family, pyrin domain containing 3

increases expression

Carnitine results in increased expression of NLRP3 protein

NCBI chr10:44,326,770...44,353,814
Ensembl chr10:44,328,566...44,352,811

G

nitric oxide synthase 2

multiple interactions

Carnitine inhibits the reaction [carbendazim results in increased expression of NOS2 protein]; Carnitine inhibits the reaction [Ifosfamide results in increased expression of NOS2 mRNA]

PMID:23213347 PMID:33965443

NCBI chr10:63,815,308...63,851,208
Ensembl chr10:63,815,308...63,851,210

G

nitric oxide synthase 3

increases expression

Carnitine results in increased expression of NOS3

NCBI chr 4:10,793,834...10,814,170
Ensembl chr 4:10,793,834...10,814,166

G

occludin

multiple interactions

Carnitine inhibits the reaction [carbendazim results in decreased expression of OCLN protein]

NCBI chr 2:31,657,217...31,707,466
Ensembl chr 2:31,657,220...31,764,150

G

peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha

multiple interactions
increases expression
increases activity

[pirinixic acid results in increased activity of PPARA protein] promotes the reaction [SLC22A21 protein results in increased uptake of Carnitine]; PPARA protein promotes the reaction [Carnitine results in decreased susceptibility to Gentamicins]
Carnitine results in increased expression of PPARA protein
Carnitine results in increased activity of PPARA protein

PMID:19491382 PMID:19735737 PMID:25669660

NCBI chr 7:116,832,405...116,900,878
Ensembl chr 7:116,832,756...116,895,346

G

peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma

increases expression
multiple interactions

Carnitine results in increased expression of PPARG protein
Carnitine inhibits the reaction [[Dietary Fats co-treated with Fructose] results in decreased expression of PPARG protein]

NCBI chr 4:148,423,102...148,548,471
Ensembl chr 4:148,423,194...148,548,468

G

PPARG coactivator 1 alpha

multiple interactions

Carnitine inhibits the reaction [Methotrexate results in decreased expression of PPARGC1A protein]

NCBI chr14:58,860,752...59,516,525
Ensembl chr14:58,861,144...59,512,656

G

prostaglandin I2 synthase

increases expression
increases response to substance
multiple interactions

Carnitine results in increased expression of PTGIS mRNA
PTGIS protein results in increased susceptibility to Carnitine
[Carnitine results in increased expression of PTGIS mRNA] which results in increased chemical synthesis of 6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha

NCBI chr 3:155,928,564...155,964,228
Ensembl chr 3:155,916,412...155,965,451

G

PYD and CARD domain containing

increases expression

Carnitine results in increased expression of PYCARD protein

NCBI chr 1:182,601,657...182,603,013
Ensembl chr 1:182,601,174...182,602,955

G

RELA proto-oncogene, NF-kB subunit

multiple interactions

Carnitine inhibits the reaction [carbendazim results in increased expression of RELA protein]

NCBI chr 1:202,925,001...202,935,484
Ensembl chr 1:202,924,945...202,935,484

G

stearoyl-CoA desaturase

decreases expression

Carnitine results in decreased expression of SCD protein

NCBI chr 1:243,269,745...243,282,878
Ensembl chr 1:243,269,747...243,282,562

G

sirtuin 1

multiple interactions

Carnitine inhibits the reaction [Methotrexate results in decreased expression of SIRT1 protein]

NCBI chr20:25,307,225...25,329,273
Ensembl chr20:25,306,917...25,329,260

G

sirtuin 3

multiple interactions

Carnitine inhibits the reaction [Cyclophosphamide results in increased expression of SIRT3 mRNA]

NCBI chr 1:195,942,066...195,964,472
Ensembl chr 1:195,942,073...195,964,808

G

solute carrier family 22 member 1

decreases expression

Carnitine results in decreased expression of SLC22A1 protein

NCBI chr 1:48,076,657...48,103,679
Ensembl chr 1:48,076,666...48,103,678

G

solute carrier family 22 member 2

decreases expression

Carnitine results in decreased expression of SLC22A2 protein

NCBI chr 1:48,121,061...48,163,268
Ensembl chr 1:48,121,061...48,163,268

G

solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 21

multiple interactions
increases uptake

[pirinixic acid results in increased activity of PPARA protein] promotes the reaction [SLC22A21 protein results in increased uptake of Carnitine]

NCBI chr10:38,104,114...38,133,106
Ensembl chr10:38,104,122...38,130,671

G

solute carrier family 22 member 4

increases uptake
decreases expression

SLC22A4 protein results in increased uptake of Carnitine
Carnitine results in decreased expression of SLC22A4 protein

PMID:21256917 PMID:25669660 PMID:33007874

NCBI chr10:38,133,333...38,179,932
Ensembl chr10:38,133,322...38,179,720

G

solute carrier family 22 member 5

multiple interactions
affects expression
decreases expression
increases transport
increases uptake
increases expression
affects uptake
affects binding

[Doxorubicin co-treated with Carnitine] results in increased expression of SLC22A5 mRNA; Amiodarone inhibits the reaction [SLC22A5 protein results in increased uptake of Carnitine]; Atorvastatin inhibits the reaction [SLC22A5 protein results in increased uptake of Carnitine]; Betaine inhibits the reaction [SLC22A5 protein results in increased uptake of Carnitine]; Carnitine inhibits the reaction [SLC22A5 protein results in increased abundance of Doxorubicin]; Carnitine inhibits the reaction [SLC22A5 protein results in increased transport of pivaloylcarnitine]; Choline inhibits the reaction [SLC22A5 protein results in increased uptake of Carnitine]; Clozapine inhibits the reaction [SLC22A5 protein results in increased uptake of Carnitine]; grepafloxacin affects the reaction [SLC22A5 protein results in increased uptake of Carnitine]; Ipratropium inhibits the reaction [SLC22A5 protein results in increased uptake of Carnitine]; Lidocaine inhibits the reaction [SLC22A5 protein results in increased uptake of Carnitine]; Nifedipine inhibits the reaction [SLC22A5 protein results in increased uptake of Carnitine]; Ofloxacin inhibits the reaction [SLC22A5 protein results in increased uptake of Carnitine]; Olanzapine inhibits the reaction [SLC22A5 protein results in increased uptake of Carnitine analog]; pivaloylcarnitine inhibits the reaction [SLC22A5 protein results in increased transport of Carnitine]; Propranolol inhibits the reaction [SLC22A5 protein results in increased uptake of Carnitine]; Quetiapine Fumarate inhibits the reaction [SLC22A5 protein results in increased uptake of Carnitine]; Spironolactone inhibits the reaction [SLC22A5 protein results in increased uptake of Carnitine]; talinolol inhibits the reaction [SLC22A5 protein results in increased uptake of Carnitine]; ziprasidone inhibits the reaction [SLC22A5 protein results in increased uptake of Carnitine]
Carnitine affects the expression of SLC22A5 protein
Carnitine inhibits the reaction [SLC22A5 protein results in increased abundance of and results in increased localization of Doxorubicin]
Carnitine results in decreased expression of SLC22A5 mRNA; Carnitine results in decreased expression of SLC22A5 protein
1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium inhibits the reaction [SLC22A5 protein results in increased uptake of Carnitine]; Carnitine inhibits the reaction [Cyclophosphamide results in decreased expression of SLC22A5 mRNA]; Carnitine inhibits the reaction [Cyclophosphamide results in decreased expression of SLC22A5 protein]; Carnitine inhibits the reaction [Doxorubicin results in decreased expression of SLC22A5 mRNA]; Carnitine inhibits the reaction [SLC22A5 protein results in increased uptake of Tetraethylammonium]; Dithioerythritol inhibits the reaction [Omeprazole inhibits the reaction [SLC22A5 protein results in increased transport of Carnitine]]; Ofloxacin inhibits the reaction [SLC22A5 protein results in increased uptake of Carnitine]; Omeprazole inhibits the reaction [SLC22A5 protein results in increased transport of Carnitine]; Tetraethylammonium inhibits the reaction [SLC22A5 protein results in increased uptake of Carnitine]
Carnitine deficiency results in increased expression of SLC22A5 mRNA
SLC22A5 protein results in increased uptake of Carnitine; SLC22A5 protein results in increased uptake of Carnitine analog
SLC22A5 protein affects the uptake of Carnitine
Carnitine binds to SLC22A5 protein

PMID:12644265 PMID:15486076 PMID:16283381 PMID:16928358 PMID:18762717 More...

NCBI chr10:38,008,303...38,035,474
Ensembl chr10:38,008,311...38,035,309

G

solute carrier family 22 member 8

increases transport

SLC22A8 protein results in increased transport of Carnitine

NCBI chr 1:205,496,331...205,516,378
Ensembl chr 1:205,498,084...205,517,450

G

solute carrier family 25 member 20

multiple interactions
increases transport

Ampicillin inhibits the reaction [SLC25A20 protein results in increased transport of Carnitine]; Carnitine inhibits the reaction [Hydrogen Peroxide results in decreased activity of SLC25A20 protein]; Cefazolin inhibits the reaction [SLC25A20 protein results in increased transport of Carnitine]; Cefonicid inhibits the reaction [SLC25A20 protein results in increased transport of Carnitine]; Cephalothin inhibits the reaction [SLC25A20 protein results in increased transport of Carnitine]; Piperacillin inhibits the reaction [SLC25A20 protein results in increased transport of Carnitine]

PMID:18452908 PMID:23402788

NCBI chr 8:109,365,056...109,386,512
Ensembl chr 8:109,365,002...109,386,512

G

solute carrier family 2 member 4

increases expression
multiple interactions

Carnitine results in increased expression of SLC2A4 protein
Carnitine inhibits the reaction [[Dietary Fats co-treated with Fructose] results in decreased expression of SLC2A4 protein]

NCBI chr10:54,666,015...54,671,581
Ensembl chr10:54,666,015...54,671,565

G

snail family transcriptional repressor 1

multiple interactions

Carnitine inhibits the reaction [perfluorooctane sulfonic acid results in increased expression of SNAI1 protein]

NCBI chr 3:156,248,479...156,252,969
Ensembl chr 3:156,248,485...156,252,969

G

sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 1

multiple interactions
decreases expression

Carnitine inhibits the reaction [Stavudine results in increased expression of SREBF1 mRNA]
Carnitine results in decreased expression of SREBF1 protein

PMID:18299183 PMID:25669660

NCBI chr10:45,007,637...45,029,650
Ensembl chr10:45,007,637...45,029,650

G

steroidogenic acute regulatory protein

multiple interactions

Carnitine inhibits the reaction [carbendazim results in decreased expression of STAR mRNA]; Carnitine inhibits the reaction [carbendazim results in decreased expression of STAR protein]

NCBI chr16:66,267,094...66,274,368
Ensembl chr16:66,264,807...66,271,672

G

transforming growth factor, beta 1

multiple interactions

Carnitine inhibits the reaction [Iohexol promotes the reaction [Glycerol results in increased expression of TGFB1 mRNA]]; Carnitine inhibits the reaction [perfluorooctane sulfonic acid results in increased expression of TGFB1 mRNA]; Carnitine inhibits the reaction [sunitinib results in increased expression of TGFB1 mRNA]

PMID:26562095 PMID:26581635 PMID:28973641

NCBI chr 1:81,196,532...81,212,848
Ensembl chr 1:81,196,532...81,212,847

G

TIMP metallopeptidase inhibitor 1

multiple interactions

Carnitine inhibits the reaction [sunitinib results in increased expression of TIMP1 mRNA]

NCBI chr X:1,212,969...1,217,714
Ensembl chr X:1,212,972...1,217,664

G

tight junction protein 1

multiple interactions

Carnitine inhibits the reaction [perfluorooctane sulfonic acid results in decreased expression of TJP1 protein]

NCBI chr 1:118,849,838...119,094,492
Ensembl chr 1:118,849,838...119,094,432

G

tumor necrosis factor

increases expression
multiple interactions
decreases expression

Carnitine deficiency results in increased expression of TNF mRNA
[Carboplatin co-treated with Carnitine deficiency] results in increased expression of TNF protein; Acetaminophen promotes the reaction [Carnitine deficiency results in increased expression of TNF mRNA]; Carnitine inhibits the reaction [carbendazim results in increased expression of TNF protein]; Carnitine inhibits the reaction [Iohexol promotes the reaction [Glycerol results in increased expression of TNF mRNA]]; Carnitine inhibits the reaction [Iohexol promotes the reaction [Glycerol results in increased expression of TNF protein]]; Carnitine inhibits the reaction [Methotrexate results in increased expression of TNF protein]
Carnitine results in decreased expression of TNF protein

PMID:18597074 PMID:18629605 PMID:18852009 PMID:26562095 PMID:33965443 More...

NCBI chr20:3,622,011...3,624,629
Ensembl chr20:3,622,011...3,624,629

G

vimentin

multiple interactions

Carnitine inhibits the reaction [perfluorooctane sulfonic acid results in increased expression of VIM protein]

NCBI chr17:76,668,701...76,677,186
Ensembl chr17:76,668,647...76,677,187

4-(trimethylammonio)butanoate

term browser

Symbol

Object Name

Qualifiers

Evidence

Notes

Source

PubMed Reference(s)

RGD Reference(s)

Position

G

gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase 1

multiple interactions

[BBOX1 protein co-treated with Ketoglutaric Acids] results in increased metabolism of gamma-butyrobetaine

NCBI chr 3:96,822,654...96,871,786
Ensembl chr 3:96,822,655...96,871,458

G

isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 2

multiple interactions
increases abundance

Triazines inhibits the reaction [IDH2 protein mutant form results in increased abundance of gamma-butyrobetaine]

NCBI chr 1:134,038,644...134,057,969
Ensembl chr 1:134,029,772...134,058,025

CAR(3:0(Me2))

term browser

Symbol

Object Name

Qualifiers

Evidence

Notes

Source

PubMed Reference(s)

RGD Reference(s)

Position

G

solute carrier family 22 member 5

affects binding
increases uptake
multiple interactions
increases transport

pivaloylcarnitine binds to SLC22A5 protein
SLC22A5 protein results in increased uptake of pivaloylcarnitine
Carnitine inhibits the reaction [SLC22A5 protein results in increased transport of pivaloylcarnitine]; pivaloylcarnitine inhibits the reaction [SLC22A5 protein results in increased transport of Carnitine]

PMID:18762717 PMID:19539806

NCBI chr10:38,008,303...38,035,474
Ensembl chr10:38,008,311...38,035,309

carnitine

term browser

Symbol

Object Name

Qualifiers

Evidence

Notes

Source

PubMed Reference(s)

RGD Reference(s)

Position

G

acetyl-CoA carboxylase beta

decreases expression

L-carnitine decreases expression of Acacb mRNA and protein in rat heart

RGD

NCBI chr12:42,365,800...42,477,651
Ensembl chr12:42,366,548...42,457,655

G

carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A

increases expression
multiple interactions

L-carnitine increases expression of Cpt1a mRNA and protein in rat heart
L-carnitine inhibits the reaction [sunitinib decreases expression of Cpt1a mRNA and protein in rat heart]

RGD

PMID:30644033 PMID:30644033

RGD:329955369, RGD:329955369

NCBI chr 1:200,564,634...200,627,059
Ensembl chr 1:200,565,613...200,627,055

G

malonyl-CoA decarboxylase

increases expression
multiple interactions

L-carnitine increases expression of Mlycd protein in rat heart
L-carnitine inhibits the reaction [sunitinib increases expression of Mlycd protein in rat heart]

RGD

PMID:30644033 PMID:30644033

RGD:329955369, RGD:329955369

NCBI chr19:47,447,931...47,463,794
Ensembl chr19:47,447,970...47,463,793

G

protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 2

increases expression
multiple interactions

L-carnitine increases expression of Ampka2 protein in rat serum and heart
L-carnitine inhibits the reaction [sunitinib decreases expression of Ampka2 protein in rat serum and heart]

RGD

PMID:30644033 PMID:30644033

RGD:329955369, RGD:329955369

NCBI chr 5:119,807,992...119,879,987
Ensembl chr 5:119,813,226...119,879,543

ergothioneine

term browser

Symbol

Object Name

Qualifiers

Evidence

Notes

Source

PubMed Reference(s)

RGD Reference(s)

Position

G

acetylcholinesterase

multiple interactions

Ergothioneine inhibits the reaction [Cisplatin results in decreased activity of ACHE protein]

NCBI chr12:19,406,133...19,413,713
Ensembl chr12:19,407,360...19,413,651

G

AKT serine/threonine kinase 1

multiple interactions

Ergothioneine inhibits the reaction [[Iron-Dextran Complex results in increased abundance of Iron] which results in decreased phosphorylation of AKT1 protein]

NCBI chr 6:131,713,716...131,735,319
Ensembl chr 6:131,713,720...131,733,921

G

caspase 3

multiple interactions

Ergothioneine inhibits the reaction [[Iron-Dextran Complex results in increased abundance of Iron] which results in increased activity of CASP3 protein]

NCBI chr16:45,662,910...45,681,171
Ensembl chr16:45,662,910...45,684,648

G

catalase

multiple interactions

Ergothioneine inhibits the reaction [[Iron-Dextran Complex results in increased abundance of Iron] which results in decreased activity of CAT protein]

NCBI chr 3:89,842,393...89,874,577
Ensembl chr 3:89,842,399...89,874,478

G

Fos proto-oncogene, AP-1 transcription factor subunit

multiple interactions

Ergothioneine inhibits the reaction [[Iron-Dextran Complex results in increased abundance of Iron] which results in increased phosphorylation of FOS protein]

NCBI chr 6:105,121,170...105,124,036
Ensembl chr 6:105,121,170...105,124,036

G

glutamic--pyruvic transaminase

multiple interactions

Ergothioneine inhibits the reaction [[Iron-Dextran Complex results in increased abundance of Iron] which results in increased activity of GPT protein]

NCBI chr 7:108,416,646...108,419,495
Ensembl chr 7:108,416,642...108,419,494

G

interleukin 6

multiple interactions

Ergothioneine inhibits the reaction [[Iron-Dextran Complex results in increased abundance of Iron] which results in increased expression of IL6 protein]

NCBI chr 4:5,214,602...5,219,178
Ensembl chr 4:5,213,394...5,219,178

G

phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase, catalytic subunit alpha

multiple interactions

Ergothioneine inhibits the reaction [[Iron-Dextran Complex results in increased abundance of Iron] which results in decreased expression of PIK3CA protein]

NCBI chr 2:115,175,275...115,249,034
Ensembl chr 2:115,174,984...115,249,032

G

RELA proto-oncogene, NF-kB subunit

multiple interactions

Ergothioneine inhibits the reaction [[Iron-Dextran Complex results in increased abundance of Iron] which affects the localization of RELA protein]

NCBI chr 1:202,925,001...202,935,484
Ensembl chr 1:202,924,945...202,935,484

G

solute carrier family 22 member 4

multiple interactions

Ergothioneine inhibits the reaction [SLC22A4 protein results in increased abundance of and results in increased localization of Doxorubicin]
Ergothioneine inhibits the reaction [SLC22A4 protein results in increased abundance of Doxorubicin]

NCBI chr10:38,133,333...38,179,932
Ensembl chr10:38,133,322...38,179,720

G

tumor necrosis factor

multiple interactions

Ergothioneine inhibits the reaction [[Iron-Dextran Complex results in increased abundance of Iron] which results in increased expression of TNF protein]

NCBI chr20:3,622,011...3,624,629
Ensembl chr20:3,622,011...3,624,629

glycine betaine

term browser

Symbol

Object Name

Qualifiers

Evidence

Notes

Source

PubMed Reference(s)

RGD Reference(s)

Position

G

ATP binding cassette subfamily C member 4

multiple interactions

[Methionine co-treated with Choline co-treated with Folic Acid co-treated with Betaine co-treated with Vitamin B 12 co-treated with Zinc co-treated with Phenobarbital] results in increased expression of ABCC4 mRNA

NCBI chr15:95,541,186...95,774,898
Ensembl chr15:95,542,315...95,774,283

G

ABI family member 3 binding protein

increases expression

Betaine results in increased expression of ABI3BP mRNA

NCBI chr11:43,912,187...44,128,888
Ensembl chr11:43,913,043...44,128,929

G

acetyl-CoA carboxylase alpha

multiple interactions

[Choline co-treated with Betaine co-treated with Vitamin B 12 co-treated with Folic Acid co-treated with Dietary Fats co-treated with Dietary Sucrose] results in increased expression of ACACA mRNA

NCBI chr10:69,014,261...69,276,453
Ensembl chr10:69,014,170...69,276,457

G

acetyl-CoA carboxylase beta

multiple interactions

[Methionine co-treated with Choline co-treated with Folic Acid co-treated with Betaine co-treated with Vitamin B 12 co-treated with Zinc] results in decreased expression of ACACB mRNA

NCBI chr12:42,365,800...42,477,651
Ensembl chr12:42,366,548...42,457,655

G

acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 4

multiple interactions

Betaine inhibits the reaction [amyloid beta-protein (1-42) results in increased expression of ACSL4 mRNA]; Betaine inhibits the reaction [amyloid beta-protein (1-42) results in increased expression of ACSL4 protein]

NCBI chr X:105,942,794...106,006,573
Ensembl chr X:105,942,799...106,006,427

G

actin alpha 2, smooth muscle

multiple interactions

Betaine inhibits the reaction [Doxorubicin results in increased expression of ACTA2 mRNA]

PMID:37840533 PMID:38651543

NCBI chr 1:231,746,527...231,759,307
Ensembl chr 1:231,746,548...231,759,554

G

adhesion G protein-coupled receptor G2

multiple interactions

[Methionine co-treated with Choline co-treated with Folic Acid co-treated with Betaine co-treated with Vitamin B 12 co-treated with Zinc co-treated with Phenobarbital] results in increased expression of ADGRG2 mRNA

NCBI chr X:34,297,402...34,422,590
Ensembl chr X:34,297,402...34,422,609

G

adenylosuccinate synthase 2

decreases expression

Betaine results in decreased expression of ADSS2 mRNA

NCBI chr13:89,769,240...89,799,577
Ensembl chr13:89,769,244...89,799,604

G

adenosylhomocysteinase

decreases expression

Betaine results in decreased expression of AHCY mRNA

PMID:22945834 PMID:26391144

NCBI chr 3:143,569,134...143,584,359
Ensembl chr 3:143,569,094...143,584,393

G

A-kinase interacting protein 1

increases expression

Betaine results in increased expression of AKIP1 mRNA

NCBI chr 1:163,734,730...163,743,648
Ensembl chr 1:163,734,798...163,743,648

G

aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1

decreases expression

Betaine results in decreased expression of AKR1B1 mRNA

NCBI chr 4:62,932,033...62,946,126
Ensembl chr 4:62,932,031...62,946,157

G

aldo-keto reductase family 1, member B7

multiple interactions

[Methionine co-treated with Choline co-treated with Folic Acid co-treated with Betaine co-treated with Vitamin B 12 co-treated with Zinc co-treated with Phenobarbital] results in increased expression of AKR1B7 mRNA

NCBI chr 4:63,053,560...63,100,934
Ensembl chr 4:63,076,800...63,089,502

G

albumin

multiple interactions

Betaine inhibits the reaction [Doxorubicin results in decreased expression of ALB protein]

NCBI chr14:17,607,397...17,622,814
Ensembl chr14:17,607,381...17,622,836

G

aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 family member

multiple interactions

[Betaine co-treated with Choline co-treated with Folic Acid co-treated with Methionine co-treated with Vitamin B 12 co-treated with Zinc Sulfate co-treated with Ethanol] results in increased expression of ALDH2 protein

NCBI chr12:34,949,549...34,982,527
Ensembl chr12:34,901,219...34,982,521

G

apurinic/apyrimidinic endodeoxyribonuclease 1

decreases expression

Betaine results in decreased expression of APEX1 mRNA

NCBI chr15:24,144,595...24,146,785
Ensembl chr15:24,144,362...24,146,785

G

amyloid beta precursor protein

multiple interactions

Betaine inhibits the reaction [Azacitidine results in decreased methylation of APP promoter]; Betaine inhibits the reaction [Azacitidine results in increased expression of and results in increased cleavage of APP protein]; Betaine inhibits the reaction [S-Adenosylhomocysteine results in decreased methylation of APP promoter]; Betaine inhibits the reaction [S-Adenosylhomocysteine results in increased expression of and results in increased cleavage of APP protein]

NCBI chr11:24,019,774...24,236,584
Ensembl chr11:24,019,778...24,236,561

G

ATPase copper transporting beta

multiple interactions

ATP7B protein mutant form promotes the reaction [Betaine results in increased abundance of S-Adenosylmethionine]; Betaine inhibits the reaction [ATP7B protein mutant form results in increased abundance of Copper]; Betaine inhibits the reaction [ATP7B protein mutant form results in increased expression of TNF mRNA]

NCBI chr16:69,952,286...70,024,404
Ensembl chr16:69,951,778...70,023,636

G

axin 1

multiple interactions

[Folic Acid co-treated with Vitamin B 12 co-treated with Betaine co-treated with Choline] results in increased methylation of AXIN1 gene

NCBI chr10:15,163,477...15,215,615
Ensembl chr10:15,163,684...15,215,615

G

BCL2 associated X, apoptosis regulator

decreases expression

Betaine results in decreased expression of BAX protein

NCBI chr 1:95,940,001...95,945,407
Ensembl chr 1:95,938,808...95,945,368

G

BCL2, apoptosis regulator

affects binding
increases expression

Betaine analog binds to BCL2 protein
Betaine results in increased expression of BCL2 protein

PMID:25080425 PMID:25765238

NCBI chr13:22,689,783...22,853,920
Ensembl chr13:22,684,989...22,853,743
Ensembl chr13:22,684,989...22,853,743

G

basic helix-loop-helix family, member e40

increases expression

Betaine results in increased expression of BHLHE40 mRNA

NCBI chr 4:141,618,453...141,624,154
Ensembl chr 4:141,618,476...141,624,774

G

betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase

increases metabolic processing

BHMT protein results in increased metabolism of Betaine

NCBI chr 2:24,859,871...24,879,449
Ensembl chr 2:24,859,873...24,879,742

G

BRF1 general transcription factor IIIB subunit

multiple interactions

Betaine inhibits the reaction [Ethanol results in increased expression of BRF1 mRNA]; Betaine inhibits the reaction [Ethanol results in increased expression of BRF1 protein]

NCBI chr 6:132,034,378...132,081,313
Ensembl chr 6:132,037,272...132,081,278

G

calcium binding protein 39-like

decreases expression

Betaine results in decreased expression of CAB39L mRNA

NCBI chr15:33,606,588...33,710,518
Ensembl chr15:33,606,694...33,743,545

G

caspase 1

increases expression

Betaine results in increased expression of CASP1 mRNA

NCBI chr 8:2,587,812...2,597,403
Ensembl chr 8:2,587,831...2,597,383

G

caspase 3

multiple interactions

Betaine inhibits the reaction [Cadmium Chloride results in increased activity of CASP3 protein]

NCBI chr16:45,662,910...45,681,171
Ensembl chr16:45,662,910...45,684,648

G

catalase

multiple interactions

[Betaine co-treated with Choline co-treated with Folic Acid co-treated with Methionine co-treated with Vitamin B 12 co-treated with Zinc Sulfate co-treated with Ethanol] results in increased activity of CAT protein; Betaine inhibits the reaction [sodium arsenite results in decreased activity of CAT protein]
Betaine inhibits the reaction [Cadmium Chloride results in decreased activity of CAT protein]; Betaine inhibits the reaction [Carbon Tetrachloride results in increased activity of CAT protein]; Betaine inhibits the reaction [Doxorubicin results in decreased activity of CAT protein]

PMID:12893363 PMID:20118189 PMID:24632105 PMID:36087182 PMID:37840533 More...

NCBI chr 3:89,842,393...89,874,577
Ensembl chr 3:89,842,399...89,874,478

G

coiled-coil domain containing 113

increases expression

Betaine results in increased expression of CCDC113 mRNA

NCBI chr19:9,497,000...9,516,917
Ensembl chr19:9,496,886...9,516,923

G

C-C motif chemokine ligand 2

multiple interactions

[Choline co-treated with Betaine co-treated with Vitamin B 12 co-treated with Folic Acid co-treated with Dietary Fats co-treated with Dietary Sucrose] results in decreased expression of CCL2 mRNA

NCBI chr10:67,005,424...67,007,222
Ensembl chr10:67,005,424...67,007,226

G

C-C motif chemokine ligand 5

increases expression

Betaine results in increased expression of CCL5 mRNA

NCBI chr10:68,322,826...68,327,380
Ensembl chr10:68,322,829...68,327,377

G

C-C motif chemokine ligand 9

increases expression

Betaine results in increased expression of CCL6 mRNA

NCBI chr10:68,366,486...68,371,408
Ensembl chr10:68,366,487...68,371,369

G

cyclin B2

decreases expression

Betaine results in decreased expression of CCNB2 mRNA

NCBI chr 8:71,087,594...71,100,794
Ensembl chr 8:71,087,595...71,100,874

G

CD44 molecule

decreases expression

Betaine results in decreased expression of CD44 mRNA

NCBI chr 3:89,155,850...89,244,615
Ensembl chr 3:89,157,058...89,244,620

G

CDC42 effector protein 2

decreases expression

Betaine results in decreased expression of CDC42EP2 mRNA

NCBI chr 1:203,202,000...203,210,891
Ensembl chr 1:203,201,873...203,210,897

G

cadherin 13

decreases expression

Betaine results in decreased expression of CDH13 mRNA

NCBI chr19:46,349,562...47,387,462
Ensembl chr19:46,349,430...47,387,459

G

cyclin-dependent kinase 1

multiple interactions

[Methionine co-treated with Choline co-treated with Folic Acid co-treated with Betaine co-treated with Vitamin B 12 co-treated with Zinc co-treated with Phenobarbital] results in increased expression of CDK1 mRNA

NCBI chr20:19,266,226...19,281,417
Ensembl chr20:19,266,248...19,281,408

G

cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A

multiple interactions

Betaine promotes the reaction [Diethylnitrosamine results in decreased expression of CDKN2A mRNA]

NCBI chr 5:103,984,949...103,992,143
Ensembl chr 5:103,984,949...104,003,149

G

carboxylesterase 2C

multiple interactions

[Methionine co-treated with Choline co-treated with Folic Acid co-treated with Betaine co-treated with Vitamin B 12 co-treated with Zinc co-treated with Phenobarbital] results in increased expression of CES2C mRNA

NCBI chr 1:260,391,190...260,398,757
Ensembl chr 1:260,388,902...260,398,790

G

carboxylesterase 3a

increases expression

Betaine results in increased expression of CES3 mRNA

NCBI chr19:32,992,386...33,000,562

G

creatine kinase B

increases expression

Betaine results in increased expression of CKB mRNA

NCBI chr 6:130,729,420...130,732,301
Ensembl chr 6:130,729,423...130,732,315

G

CDC28 protein kinase regulatory subunit 1B

decreases expression

Betaine results in decreased expression of CKS1B mRNA

NCBI chr 2:174,833,025...174,837,614
Ensembl chr 2:174,833,050...174,837,636

G

cardiotrophin-like cytokine factor 1

multiple interactions

[Methionine co-treated with Choline co-treated with Folic Acid co-treated with Betaine co-treated with Vitamin B 12 co-treated with Zinc co-treated with Phenobarbital] results in increased expression of CLCF1 mRNA

NCBI chr 1:201,507,763...201,517,607
Ensembl chr 1:201,507,859...201,517,605

G

coactosin-like F-actin binding protein 1

decreases expression

Betaine results in decreased expression of COTL1 mRNA

NCBI chr19:47,871,689...47,906,010
Ensembl chr19:47,871,694...47,911,689

G

carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A

multiple interactions
decreases expression

Betaine inhibits the reaction [CPT1A protein mutant form results in decreased expression of DNMT1 mRNA]
Betaine results in decreased expression of CPT1A mRNA

NCBI chr 1:200,564,634...200,627,059
Ensembl chr 1:200,565,613...200,627,055

G

C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 16

decreases expression

Betaine results in decreased expression of CXCL16 mRNA

NCBI chr10:55,166,721...55,171,316
Ensembl chr10:55,166,723...55,171,592

G

cytochrome P450, family 26, subfamily a, polypeptide 1

multiple interactions

[Methionine co-treated with Choline co-treated with Folic Acid co-treated with Betaine co-treated with Vitamin B 12 co-treated with Zinc co-treated with Phenobarbital] results in increased expression of CYP26A1 mRNA

NCBI chr 1:235,471,368...235,475,204
Ensembl chr 1:235,471,298...235,475,204

G

cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily b, polypeptide 3

multiple interactions

[Methionine co-treated with Choline co-treated with Folic Acid co-treated with Betaine co-treated with Vitamin B 12 co-treated with Zinc co-treated with Phenobarbital] results in increased expression of CYP2B10 mRNA

NCBI chr 1:81,652,762...81,732,153
Ensembl chr 1:81,652,787...81,732,143

G

cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily c, polypeptide 24

multiple interactions

[Methionine co-treated with Choline co-treated with Folic Acid co-treated with Betaine co-treated with Vitamin B 12 co-treated with Zinc co-treated with Phenobarbital] results in increased expression of CYP2C55 mRNA

NCBI chr 1:236,873,967...236,936,238
Ensembl chr 1:236,873,967...236,936,238

G

cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily e, polypeptide 1

multiple interactions

[Betaine co-treated with Choline co-treated with Folic Acid co-treated with Methionine co-treated with Vitamin B 12 co-treated with Zinc Sulfate] inhibits the reaction [Ethanol results in increased expression of CYP2E1 protein]
Betaine promotes the reaction [Ethanol results in increased expression of CYP2E1]

PMID:20118189 PMID:21352821

NCBI chr 1:195,840,330...195,850,728
Ensembl chr 1:195,840,058...195,864,023

G

cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1

increases expression

Betaine results in increased expression of CYSLTR1 mRNA

NCBI chr X:71,661,421...71,690,012
Ensembl chr X:71,663,821...71,690,121

G

death associated protein kinase 1

decreases expression

Betaine results in decreased expression of DAPK1 mRNA

NCBI chr17:3,930,223...4,090,991
Ensembl chr17:3,930,213...4,090,991

G

DEPP autophagy regulator 1

multiple interactions

[Methionine co-treated with Choline co-treated with Folic Acid co-treated with Betaine co-treated with Vitamin B 12 co-treated with Zinc] results in decreased expression of DEPP1 mRNA

NCBI chr 4:149,910,794...149,913,013
Ensembl chr 4:149,910,779...149,914,542

G

distal-less homeobox 2

increases expression

Betaine results in increased expression of DLX2 mRNA

NCBI chr 3:56,370,238...56,373,581
Ensembl chr 3:56,370,483...56,373,597

G

DNA methyltransferase 1

multiple interactions
increases expression

Betaine inhibits the reaction [CPT1A protein mutant form results in decreased expression of DNMT1 mRNA]
Betaine results in increased expression of DNMT1 mRNA

NCBI chr 8:19,440,611...19,486,659
Ensembl chr 8:19,440,611...19,486,659

G

DNA methyltransferase 3 beta

decreases expression

Betaine results in decreased expression of DNMT3B mRNA

NCBI chr 3:142,130,588...142,169,128
Ensembl chr 3:142,130,592...142,169,124

G

E2F transcription factor 8

multiple interactions

[Methionine co-treated with Choline co-treated with Folic Acid co-treated with Betaine co-treated with Vitamin B 12 co-treated with Zinc] results in decreased expression of E2F8 mRNA

NCBI chr 1:98,565,717...98,584,265
Ensembl chr 1:98,565,717...98,584,098

G

epithelial cell transforming 2

decreases expression

Betaine results in decreased expression of ECT2 mRNA

NCBI chr 2:109,975,813...110,037,911
Ensembl chr 2:109,975,813...110,037,911

G

eukaryotic elongation factor-2 kinase

increases expression

Betaine results in increased expression of EEF2K mRNA

NCBI chr 1:175,393,119...175,456,756
Ensembl chr 1:175,393,154...175,455,164

G

epidermal growth factor receptor

multiple interactions

[Methionine co-treated with Choline co-treated with Folic Acid co-treated with Betaine co-treated with Vitamin B 12 co-treated with Zinc] results in decreased expression of EGFR mRNA

NCBI chr14:91,176,979...91,349,722
Ensembl chr14:91,177,067...91,344,382

G

early growth response 1

increases expression
multiple interactions

Betaine results in increased expression of EGR1 mRNA
[Methionine co-treated with Choline co-treated with Folic Acid co-treated with Betaine co-treated with Vitamin B 12 co-treated with Zinc] results in decreased expression of EGR1 mRNA

PMID:26391144 PMID:33549593

NCBI chr18:26,462,967...26,466,766
Ensembl chr18:26,462,981...26,466,766

G

E74 like ETS transcription factor 3

decreases expression

Betaine results in decreased expression of ELF3 mRNA

NCBI chr13:46,690,460...46,695,394
Ensembl chr13:46,690,466...46,695,481

G

ER membrane protein complex subunit 9

increases expression

Betaine results in increased expression of EMC9 mRNA

NCBI chr15:29,071,881...29,076,098
Ensembl chr15:29,071,883...29,076,098

G

Eph receptor B6

increases expression

Betaine results in increased expression of EPHB6 mRNA

NCBI chr 4:70,491,973...70,507,230
Ensembl chr 4:70,491,973...70,507,230

G

establishment of sister chromatid cohesion N-acetyltransferase 2

multiple interactions

[Methionine co-treated with Choline co-treated with Folic Acid co-treated with Betaine co-treated with Vitamin B 12 co-treated with Zinc co-treated with Phenobarbital] results in increased expression of ESCO2 mRNA

NCBI chr15:40,034,566...40,052,295
Ensembl chr15:40,034,568...40,055,306

G

coagulation factor VIII

multiple interactions
increases secretion

Betaine affects the localization of and results in increased secretion of F8 protein; Betaine affects the localization of and results in increased secretion of F8 protein mutant form
Betaine results in increased secretion of F8 protein; Betaine results in increased secretion of F8 protein mutant form

NCBI chr18:140,848...172,330
Ensembl chr18:140,955...171,857

G

coagulation factor IX

increases secretion

Betaine results in increased secretion of F9 protein

NCBI chr X:138,352,334...138,396,835
Ensembl chr X:138,352,298...138,396,835

G

fatty acid binding protein 5

multiple interactions

[Methionine co-treated with Choline co-treated with Folic Acid co-treated with Betaine co-treated with Vitamin B 12 co-treated with Zinc] results in decreased expression of FABP5 mRNA

NCBI chr 2:91,765,056...91,768,716
Ensembl chr 2:91,765,056...91,853,773

G

fatty acid synthase

multiple interactions

[Choline co-treated with Betaine co-treated with Vitamin B 12 co-treated with Folic Acid] affects the reaction [[Dietary Fats co-treated with Dietary Sucrose] affects the methylation of FASN promoter]

NCBI chr10:106,072,093...106,090,259
Ensembl chr10:106,072,091...106,090,261

G

fibronectin leucine rich transmembrane protein 3

increases expression

Betaine results in increased expression of FLRT3 mRNA

NCBI chr 3:127,994,491...128,008,137
Ensembl chr 3:127,994,226...128,007,841

G

FXYD domain-containing ion transport regulator 2

decreases expression

Betaine results in decreased expression of FXYD2 mRNA; Betaine results in decreased expression of FXYD2 mRNA alternative form

NCBI chr 8:45,712,901...45,720,032
Ensembl chr 8:45,712,903...45,720,203

G

growth arrest and DNA-damage-inducible, beta

multiple interactions

[Methionine co-treated with Choline co-treated with Folic Acid co-treated with Betaine co-treated with Vitamin B 12 co-treated with Zinc co-treated with Phenobarbital] results in increased expression of GADD45B mRNA

NCBI chr 7:8,778,004...8,780,306
Ensembl chr 7:8,778,007...8,780,046

G

growth arrest and DNA-damage-inducible, gamma

multiple interactions

[Methionine co-treated with Choline co-treated with Folic Acid co-treated with Betaine co-treated with Vitamin B 12 co-treated with Zinc] results in decreased expression of GADD45G mRNA

NCBI chr17:13,376,842...13,378,587
Ensembl chr17:13,376,839...13,378,610

G

galanin and GMAP prepropeptide

multiple interactions

Betaine inhibits the reaction [Isoproterenol results in decreased activity of GAL protein]; Betaine inhibits the reaction [Isoproterenol results in increased activity of GAL protein]

NCBI chr 1:200,650,439...200,655,302
Ensembl chr 1:200,650,439...200,654,959

G

glucokinase

multiple interactions

[Methionine co-treated with Choline co-treated with Folic Acid co-treated with Betaine co-treated with Vitamin B 12 co-treated with Zinc] results in increased expression of GCK mRNA

NCBI chr14:80,785,060...80,829,842
Ensembl chr14:80,785,060...80,826,995

G

G protein subunit alpha 14

multiple interactions

[Methionine co-treated with Choline co-treated with Folic Acid co-treated with Betaine co-treated with Vitamin B 12 co-treated with Zinc co-treated with Phenobarbital] results in increased expression of GNA14 mRNA

NCBI chr 1:213,714,993...213,900,083
Ensembl chr 1:213,716,020...213,897,423

G

glycerophosphocholine phosphodiesterase 1

increases expression
multiple interactions

Betaine results in increased expression of GPCPD1 mRNA
[Methionine co-treated with Choline co-treated with Folic Acid co-treated with Betaine co-treated with Vitamin B 12 co-treated with Zinc] results in decreased expression of GPCPD1 mRNA

PMID:26391144 PMID:33549593

NCBI chr 3:119,787,681...119,832,550
Ensembl chr 3:119,787,682...119,832,517

G

glutamic--pyruvic transaminase

multiple interactions

Betaine inhibits the reaction [sodium arsenite results in increased activity of GPT protein]

NCBI chr 7:108,416,646...108,419,495
Ensembl chr 7:108,416,642...108,419,494

G

glutathione peroxidase 4

multiple interactions

Betaine inhibits the reaction [amyloid beta-protein (1-42) results in decreased expression of GPX4 mRNA]; Betaine inhibits the reaction [amyloid beta-protein (1-42) results in decreased expression of GPX4 protein]

NCBI chr 7:9,650,186...9,652,982
Ensembl chr 7:9,650,185...9,652,982

G

glutathione S-transferase alpha 5

multiple interactions

[Methionine co-treated with Choline co-treated with Folic Acid co-treated with Betaine co-treated with Vitamin B 12 co-treated with Zinc co-treated with Phenobarbital] results in increased expression of GSTA5 mRNA; [Methionine co-treated with Choline co-treated with Folic Acid co-treated with Betaine co-treated with Vitamin B 12 co-treated with Zinc] results in increased expression of GSTA5 mRNA

NCBI chr 8:79,105,561...79,117,472
Ensembl chr 8:79,105,661...79,117,472

G

glutathione S-transferase, mu 5

multiple interactions

[Methionine co-treated with Choline co-treated with Folic Acid co-treated with Betaine co-treated with Vitamin B 12 co-treated with Zinc co-treated with Phenobarbital] results in increased expression of GSTM3 mRNA

NCBI chr 2:195,531,599...195,534,562
Ensembl chr 2:195,531,495...195,534,553

G

glucuronidase, beta

multiple interactions

Betaine inhibits the reaction [Isoproterenol results in decreased activity of GUSB protein]; Betaine inhibits the reaction [Isoproterenol results in increased activity of GUSB protein]

NCBI chr12:26,701,188...26,714,718
Ensembl chr12:26,697,951...26,726,905

G

H2A.Z variant histone 1

decreases expression

Betaine results in decreased expression of H2AZ1 mRNA

NCBI chr 2:226,355,668...226,357,984
Ensembl chr 2:226,355,708...226,358,485

G

huntingtin interacting protein 1

decreases expression

Betaine results in decreased expression of HIP1 mRNA

NCBI chr12:21,133,364...21,267,796
Ensembl chr12:21,133,406...21,267,725

G

high mobility group box 2

decreases expression

Betaine results in decreased expression of HMGB2 mRNA

NCBI chr16:32,710,651...32,713,230
Ensembl chr16:32,710,658...32,713,140
Ensembl chr 1:32,710,658...32,713,140

G

heme oxygenase 1

multiple interactions

Betaine inhibits the reaction [Doxorubicin results in increased expression of HMOX1 mRNA]

NCBI chr19:13,466,287...13,474,082
Ensembl chr19:13,467,244...13,474,079

G

heat shock protein family A (Hsp70) member 5

decreases expression

Betaine results in decreased expression of HSPA5 mRNA

NCBI chr 3:18,055,507...18,059,969
Ensembl chr 3:18,055,405...18,059,891

G

inhibitor of DNA binding 2

increases expression

Betaine results in increased expression of ID2 mRNA

NCBI chr 6:41,740,556...41,742,393
Ensembl chr 6:41,728,946...41,744,400

G

isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 2

increases abundance
multiple interactions

IDH2 protein mutant form results in increased abundance of Betaine
Triazines inhibits the reaction [IDH2 protein mutant form results in increased abundance of Betaine]

NCBI chr 1:134,038,644...134,057,969
Ensembl chr 1:134,029,772...134,058,025

G

interleukin 6

multiple interactions

Betaine inhibits the reaction [Doxorubicin results in increased expression of IL6 mRNA]

PMID:37840533 PMID:38651543

NCBI chr 4:5,214,602...5,219,178
Ensembl chr 4:5,213,394...5,219,178

G

insulin receptor substrate 2

multiple interactions

[Methionine co-treated with Choline co-treated with Folic Acid co-treated with Betaine co-treated with Vitamin B 12 co-treated with Zinc] results in decreased expression of IRS2 mRNA

NCBI chr16:78,488,249...78,512,482
Ensembl chr16:78,485,045...78,512,482

G

iroquois homeobox 4

decreases expression

Betaine results in decreased expression of IRX4 mRNA

NCBI chr 1:30,030,561...30,039,549
Ensembl chr 1:30,030,561...30,039,549

G

integrin subunit alpha 8

multiple interactions

[Methionine co-treated with Choline co-treated with Folic Acid co-treated with Betaine co-treated with Vitamin B 12 co-treated with Zinc] results in decreased expression of ITGA8 mRNA

NCBI chr17:75,304,004...75,501,510
Ensembl chr17:75,304,008...75,501,510

G

integrin subunit beta 4

multiple interactions

[Methionine co-treated with Choline co-treated with Folic Acid co-treated with Betaine co-treated with Vitamin B 12 co-treated with Zinc] results in decreased expression of ITGB4 mRNA

NCBI chr10:101,206,657...101,243,012
Ensembl chr10:101,206,665...101,243,012

G

Jun proto-oncogene, AP-1 transcription factor subunit

increases expression

Betaine results in increased expression of JUN mRNA

NCBI chr 5:109,894,175...109,897,268
Ensembl chr 5:109,893,145...109,897,656

G

KH RNA binding domain containing, signal transduction associated 3

decreases expression

Betaine results in decreased expression of KHDRBS3 mRNA

NCBI chr 7:100,837,707...100,995,644
Ensembl chr 7:100,837,934...100,988,460

G

kinesin family member 1B

increases expression

Betaine results in increased expression of KIF1B mRNA

NCBI chr 5:159,607,697...159,742,778
Ensembl chr 5:159,561,271...159,742,778

G

kinesin family member 22

decreases expression

Betaine results in decreased expression of KIF22 mRNA

NCBI chr 1:181,635,347...181,650,351
Ensembl chr 1:181,635,183...181,650,401

G

KLF transcription factor 10

increases expression

Betaine results in increased expression of KLF10 mRNA

NCBI chr 7:69,467,658...69,473,726
Ensembl chr 7:69,465,619...69,473,994

G

keratin 2

increases expression

Betaine results in increased expression of KRT2 mRNA; Betaine results in increased expression of KRT2 protein

NCBI chr 7:132,940,879...132,948,031
Ensembl chr 7:132,940,862...132,947,963

G

keratin 4

multiple interactions

[Methionine co-treated with Choline co-treated with Folic Acid co-treated with Betaine co-treated with Vitamin B 12 co-treated with Zinc co-treated with Phenobarbital] results in increased expression of KRT4 mRNA

NCBI chr 7:133,046,067...133,052,027
Ensembl chr 7:133,046,515...133,052,019

G

leucyl-tRNA synthetase 1

decreases expression

Betaine results in decreased expression of LARS1 mRNA

NCBI chr18:34,201,555...34,256,003
Ensembl chr18:34,201,549...34,255,931

G

leptin receptor

multiple interactions

[Methionine co-treated with Choline co-treated with Folic Acid co-treated with Betaine co-treated with Vitamin B 12 co-treated with Zinc] results in decreased expression of LEPR mRNA

NCBI chr 5:116,294,409...116,477,904
Ensembl chr 5:116,289,823...116,475,908

G

lin-9 DREAM MuvB core complex component

decreases expression

Betaine results in decreased expression of LIN9 mRNA

NCBI chr13:92,374,612...92,419,664
Ensembl chr13:92,374,593...92,419,654
Ensembl chr14:92,374,593...92,419,654

G

LRAT domain containing 1

multiple interactions

[Methionine co-treated with Choline co-treated with Folic Acid co-treated with Betaine co-treated with Vitamin B 12 co-treated with Zinc co-treated with Phenobarbital] results in increased expression of LRATD1 mRNA

NCBI chr 6:36,916,969...36,922,143
Ensembl chr 6:36,913,469...36,922,319

G

leucine rich repeat containing 24

multiple interactions

[Methionine co-treated with Choline co-treated with Folic Acid co-treated with Betaine co-treated with Vitamin B 12 co-treated with Zinc co-treated with Phenobarbital] results in increased expression of LRRC24 mRNA

NCBI chr 7:108,437,296...108,444,561
Ensembl chr 7:108,437,296...108,444,438

G

mitogen activated protein kinase kinase kinase kinase 1

multiple interactions

[Methionine co-treated with Choline co-treated with Folic Acid co-treated with Betaine co-treated with Vitamin B 12 co-treated with Zinc] results in decreased expression of MAP4K1 mRNA

NCBI chr 1:84,270,951...84,292,496
Ensembl chr 1:84,271,069...84,292,493

G

membrane associated ring-CH-type finger 6

multiple interactions
decreases stability

Cholesterol inhibits the reaction [Betaine results in decreased stability of MARCHF6 protein]

NCBI chr 2:82,455,686...82,532,917
Ensembl chr 2:82,455,689...82,532,910

G

minichromosome maintenance complex component 3

decreases expression

Betaine results in decreased expression of MCM3 mRNA

NCBI chr 9:23,219,169...23,237,314
Ensembl chr 9:23,219,169...23,237,314

G

minichromosome maintenance complex component 4

decreases expression

Betaine results in decreased expression of MCM4 mRNA

NCBI chr11:85,258,443...85,272,144
Ensembl chr11:85,258,443...85,272,144

G

minichromosome maintenance complex component 5

multiple interactions

[Methionine co-treated with Choline co-treated with Folic Acid co-treated with Betaine co-treated with Vitamin B 12 co-treated with Zinc co-treated with Phenobarbital] results in increased expression of MCM5 mRNA

NCBI chr19:13,483,030...13,504,389
Ensembl chr19:13,483,066...13,504,389

G

minichromosome maintenance complex component 6

multiple interactions

[Methionine co-treated with Choline co-treated with Folic Acid co-treated with Betaine co-treated with Vitamin B 12 co-treated with Zinc co-treated with Phenobarbital] results in increased expression of MCM6 mRNA

NCBI chr13:39,826,745...39,851,937
Ensembl chr13:39,826,763...39,851,960

G

minichromosome maintenance complex component 7

decreases expression

Betaine results in decreased expression of MCM7 mRNA

NCBI chr12:17,042,207...17,049,470
Ensembl chr12:17,042,212...17,050,063

G

microtubule associated monooxygenase, calponin and LIM domain containing 1

multiple interactions

[Methionine co-treated with Choline co-treated with Folic Acid co-treated with Betaine co-treated with Vitamin B 12 co-treated with Zinc co-treated with Phenobarbital] results in increased expression of MICAL1 mRNA

NCBI chr20:44,974,137...44,986,089
Ensembl chr20:44,974,138...44,986,089

G

marker of proliferation Ki-67

multiple interactions

[Methionine co-treated with Choline co-treated with Folic Acid co-treated with Betaine co-treated with Vitamin B 12 co-treated with Zinc co-treated with Phenobarbital] results in increased expression of MKI67 mRNA

NCBI chr 1:190,496,319...190,522,983
Ensembl chr 1:190,496,319...190,522,762

G

methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (NADP+ dependent) 1-like

decreases expression

Betaine results in decreased expression of MTHFD1L mRNA

NCBI chr 1:40,443,926...40,632,911
Ensembl chr 1:40,444,008...40,632,905

G

methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (NADP+ dependent) 2, methenyltetrahydrofolate cyclohydrolase

decreases expression

Betaine results in decreased expression of MTHFD2 mRNA

NCBI chr 4:115,811,135...115,822,663
Ensembl chr 4:115,811,139...115,822,608

G

MYC proto-oncogene, bHLH transcription factor

multiple interactions

Betaine inhibits the reaction [Diethylnitrosamine results in increased expression of MYC mRNA]

NCBI chr 7:93,593,705...93,598,633
Ensembl chr 7:93,593,705...93,598,630

G

MYCL proto-oncogene, bHLH transcription factor

multiple interactions

[Methionine co-treated with Choline co-treated with Folic Acid co-treated with Betaine co-treated with Vitamin B 12 co-treated with Zinc] results in decreased expression of MYCL mRNA

NCBI chr 5:135,274,713...135,281,584
Ensembl chr 5:135,274,748...135,281,582

G

NBL1, DAN family BMP antagonist

increases expression

Betaine results in increased expression of NBL1 mRNA

NCBI chr 5:151,318,752...151,329,948
Ensembl chr 5:151,318,754...151,338,719

G

NCK interacting protein with SH3 domain

decreases expression

Betaine results in decreased expression of NCKIPSD mRNA

NCBI chr 8:109,511,484...109,522,622
Ensembl chr 8:109,511,658...109,522,246

G

NDRG family member 4

decreases expression

Betaine results in decreased expression of NDRG4 mRNA

NCBI chr19:9,351,408...9,387,398
Ensembl chr19:9,351,404...9,386,914

G

NFE2 like bZIP transcription factor 2

multiple interactions

Betaine inhibits the reaction [Doxorubicin results in increased expression of NFE2L2 mRNA]; Betaine inhibits the reaction [Doxorubicin results in increased expression of NFE2L2 protein]

PMID:37840533 PMID:38651543

NCBI chr 3:60,594,239...60,621,712
Ensembl chr 3:60,594,242...60,621,737

G

NLR family, pyrin domain containing 12

multiple interactions

[Methionine co-treated with Choline co-treated with Folic Acid co-treated with Betaine co-treated with Vitamin B 12 co-treated with Zinc] results in decreased expression of NLRP12 mRNA

NCBI chr 1:65,932,610...65,969,873
Ensembl chr 1:65,932,595...65,960,934

G

NLR family, pyrin domain containing 3

multiple interactions

Betaine inhibits the reaction [Doxorubicin results in increased expression of NLRP3 mRNA]

PMID:37840533 PMID:38651543

NCBI chr10:44,326,770...44,353,814
Ensembl chr10:44,328,566...44,352,811

G

nuclear protein 1, transcriptional regulator

decreases expression

Betaine results in decreased expression of NUPR1 mRNA

NCBI chr 1:181,213,292...181,215,327
Ensembl chr 1:181,213,368...181,215,281

G

8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase

multiple interactions

Betaine inhibits the reaction [S-Adenosylhomocysteine results in decreased expression of OGG1 protein]; Betaine inhibits the reaction [S-Adenosylhomocysteine results in decreased methylation of OGG1 promoter]

NCBI chr 4:146,474,701...146,481,959
Ensembl chr 4:146,474,750...146,484,766

G

Purkinje cell protein 4

increases expression

Betaine results in increased expression of PCP4 mRNA

NCBI chr11:35,759,711...35,861,725
Ensembl chr11:35,800,713...35,861,725

G

phosphatidylcholine transfer protein

decreases expression

Betaine results in decreased expression of PCTP mRNA

NCBI chr10:74,808,887...74,856,260
Ensembl chr10:74,808,887...74,849,867

G

period circadian regulator 2

multiple interactions

[Methionine co-treated with Choline co-treated with Folic Acid co-treated with Betaine co-treated with Vitamin B 12 co-treated with Zinc] results in increased expression of PER2 mRNA

NCBI chr 9:92,007,289...92,049,551
Ensembl chr 9:92,007,296...92,049,459

G

PTEN induced kinase 1

multiple interactions

Betaine inhibits the reaction [Doxorubicin results in increased expression of PINK1 protein]

NCBI chr 5:150,530,523...150,542,635
Ensembl chr 5:150,530,523...150,542,635

G

DNA polymerase alpha 2, accessory subunit

decreases expression

Betaine results in decreased expression of POLA2 mRNA

NCBI chr 1:203,227,183...203,251,350
Ensembl chr 1:203,203,388...203,251,348

G

DNA polymerase epsilon 2, accessory subunit

decreases expression

Betaine results in decreased expression of POLE2 mRNA

NCBI chr 6:87,674,702...87,712,723
Ensembl chr 6:87,674,702...87,699,305

G

peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha

multiple interactions
decreases expression

[Betaine co-treated with Choline co-treated with Folic Acid co-treated with Methionine co-treated with Vitamin B 12 co-treated with Zinc Sulfate co-treated with Ethanol] results in increased expression of PPARA protein
Betaine results in decreased expression of PPARA mRNA

PMID:20118189 PMID:22945834

NCBI chr 7:116,832,405...116,900,878
Ensembl chr 7:116,832,756...116,895,346

G

protein phosphatase 1, regulatory subunit 3G

multiple interactions

[Methionine co-treated with Choline co-treated with Folic Acid co-treated with Betaine co-treated with Vitamin B 12 co-treated with Zinc] results in decreased expression of PPP1R3G mRNA

NCBI chr17:28,874,956...28,878,288
Ensembl chr17:28,876,482...28,877,525

G

protein phosphatase 2 catalytic subunit alpha

multiple interactions

Betaine inhibits the reaction [Ethanol results in decreased methylation of PPP2CA protein]

NCBI chr10:36,358,110...36,377,864
Ensembl chr10:36,358,101...36,377,862

G

serine protease 23

increases expression

Betaine results in increased expression of PRSS23 mRNA

NCBI chr 1:143,402,725...143,422,182
Ensembl chr 1:143,401,396...143,422,091

G

serine protease 8

multiple interactions

[Methionine co-treated with Choline co-treated with Folic Acid co-treated with Betaine co-treated with Vitamin B 12 co-treated with Zinc co-treated with Phenobarbital] results in increased expression of PRSS8 mRNA

NCBI chr 1:182,536,229...182,540,745
Ensembl chr 1:182,536,229...182,540,815

G

presenilin 1

multiple interactions

Betaine inhibits the reaction [Azacitidine results in decreased methylation of PSEN1 promoter]; Betaine inhibits the reaction [S-Adenosylhomocysteine results in decreased methylation of PSEN1 promoter]

NCBI chr 6:103,323,052...103,375,088
Ensembl chr 6:103,323,120...103,371,650

G

prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 1

decreases expression

Betaine results in decreased expression of PTGS1 mRNA

NCBI chr 3:19,584,015...19,605,589
Ensembl chr 3:19,584,015...19,605,586

G

RAN binding protein 3-like

decreases expression

Betaine results in decreased expression of RANBP3L mRNA

NCBI chr 2:58,057,887...58,113,158
Ensembl chr 2:58,058,263...58,113,172

G

RELA proto-oncogene, NF-kB subunit

multiple interactions

Betaine inhibits the reaction [Doxorubicin results in increased expression of RELA protein]; Betaine inhibits the reaction [Fructose results in decreased activity of RELA protein]

PMID:25559852 PMID:38651543

NCBI chr 1:202,925,001...202,935,484
Ensembl chr 1:202,924,945...202,935,484

G

regulatory factor X4

multiple interactions

[Methionine co-treated with Choline co-treated with Folic Acid co-treated with Betaine co-treated with Vitamin B 12 co-treated with Zinc] results in decreased expression of RFX4 mRNA

NCBI chr 7:18,853,065...19,015,378
Ensembl chr 7:18,853,322...19,014,967

G

regulator of G-protein signaling 16

multiple interactions

[Methionine co-treated with Choline co-treated with Folic Acid co-treated with Betaine co-treated with Vitamin B 12 co-treated with Zinc] results in decreased expression of RGS16 mRNA

NCBI chr13:65,887,668...65,892,862
Ensembl chr13:65,887,530...65,892,857

G

regulator of G-protein signaling 2

increases expression

Betaine results in increased expression of RGS2 mRNA

NCBI chr13:55,799,749...55,802,354
Ensembl chr13:55,798,829...55,802,385

G

ribonucleotide reductase regulatory subunit M2

decreases expression
multiple interactions

Betaine results in decreased expression of RRM2 mRNA
[Methionine co-treated with Choline co-treated with Folic Acid co-treated with Betaine co-treated with Vitamin B 12 co-treated with Zinc co-treated with Phenobarbital] results in increased expression of RRM2 mRNA

PMID:26391144 PMID:33549593

NCBI chr 6:41,339,858...41,346,774
Ensembl chr 6:41,340,557...41,346,773

G

S100 calcium binding protein A8

multiple interactions

[Methionine co-treated with Choline co-treated with Folic Acid co-treated with Betaine co-treated with Vitamin B 12 co-treated with Zinc co-treated with Phenobarbital] results in increased expression of S100A8 mRNA

NCBI chr 2:176,166,517...176,167,645
Ensembl chr 2:176,167,124...176,167,643

G

stearoyl-CoA desaturase

decreases expression

Betaine results in decreased expression of SCD1 mRNA

NCBI chr 1:243,269,745...243,282,878
Ensembl chr 1:243,269,747...243,282,562

G

secreted and transmembrane 1B

increases expression

Betaine results in increased expression of SECTM1A mRNA

NCBI chr10:106,324,070...106,333,779
Ensembl chr10:106,325,203...106,333,769

G

serine incorporator 2

decreases expression

Betaine results in decreased expression of SERINC2 mRNA

NCBI chr 5:142,592,308...142,614,628
Ensembl chr 5:142,592,309...142,618,364

G

serpin family A member 3N

decreases expression

Betaine results in decreased expression of SERPINA3N mRNA

NCBI chr 6:123,323,623...123,331,181
Ensembl chr 6:123,323,629...123,332,433

G

solute carrier family 16, member 6

increases expression

Betaine results in increased expression of SLC16A6 mRNA

NCBI chr10:94,424,377...94,447,482
Ensembl chr10:94,426,244...94,448,779

G

solute carrier family 22 member 5

multiple interactions

Betaine inhibits the reaction [SLC22A5 protein results in increased uptake of Carnitine]

NCBI chr10:38,008,303...38,035,474
Ensembl chr10:38,008,311...38,035,309

G

solute carrier family 25, member 30

multiple interactions

[Methionine co-treated with Choline co-treated with Folic Acid co-treated with Betaine co-treated with Vitamin B 12 co-treated with Zinc] results in decreased expression of SLC25A30 mRNA

NCBI chr15:51,076,998...51,099,613
Ensembl chr15:51,077,002...51,099,613

G

solute carrier family 36 member 1

increases uptake

SLC36A1 protein results in increased uptake of Betaine

NCBI chr10:39,319,062...39,357,374
Ensembl chr10:39,324,337...39,354,217

G

solute carrier family 6 member 12

multiple interactions

Betaine inhibits the reaction [Lipopolysaccharides results in increased expression of SLC6A12 mRNA]

NCBI chr 4:154,585,386...154,603,750
Ensembl chr 4:154,585,500...154,603,750

G

solute carrier family 6 member 20a

increases uptake

SLC6A20B protein results in increased uptake of Betaine

NCBI chr 8:123,282,325...123,322,609
Ensembl chr 8:123,281,472...123,322,573

G

solute carrier family 6 member 9

decreases expression

Betaine results in decreased expression of SLC6A9 mRNA

NCBI chr 5:131,374,562...131,408,733
Ensembl chr 5:131,374,542...131,408,728

G

sorting nexin 10

decreases expression

Betaine results in decreased expression of SNX10 mRNA

NCBI chr 4:80,612,648...80,677,005
Ensembl chr 4:80,612,669...80,676,996

G

suppressor of cytokine signaling 2

multiple interactions

[Methionine co-treated with Choline co-treated with Folic Acid co-treated with Betaine co-treated with Vitamin B 12 co-treated with Zinc] results in decreased expression of SOCS2 mRNA

NCBI chr 7:30,006,360...30,045,161
Ensembl chr 7:30,008,578...30,043,548

G

sclerostin domain containing 1

increases expression

Betaine results in increased expression of SOSTDC1 mRNA

NCBI chr 6:53,051,336...53,055,510
Ensembl chr 6:53,051,354...53,055,579

G

SPC25 component of NDC80 kinetochore complex

decreases expression

Betaine results in decreased expression of SPC25 mRNA

NCBI chr 3:53,930,013...53,988,940
Ensembl chr 3:53,975,704...53,988,959

G

signal sequence receptor subunit 4

decreases expression

Betaine results in decreased expression of SSR4 mRNA

NCBI chr X:151,524,191...151,528,218
Ensembl chr X:151,524,009...151,528,202

G

signal transducer and activator of transcription 3

multiple interactions

Betaine promotes the reaction [Isoproterenol results in increased phosphorylation of STAT3 protein]

NCBI chr10:85,811,206...85,863,057
Ensembl chr10:85,811,218...85,863,057

G

stathmin 1

decreases expression

Betaine results in decreased expression of STMN1 mRNA

NCBI chr 5:146,680,757...146,687,154
Ensembl chr 5:146,681,436...146,687,154

G

syntaxin binding protein 1

decreases expression

Betaine results in decreased expression of STXBP1 mRNA

NCBI chr 3:16,076,725...16,138,431
Ensembl chr 3:16,076,391...16,138,369

G

sulfotransferase family 1E member 1

multiple interactions

[Methionine co-treated with Choline co-treated with Folic Acid co-treated with Betaine co-treated with Vitamin B 12 co-treated with Zinc co-treated with Phenobarbital] results in increased expression of SULT1E1 mRNA

NCBI chr14:20,422,324...20,439,562
Ensembl chr14:20,422,324...20,439,275

G

TGF-beta activated kinase 1/MAP3K7 binding protein 1

multiple interactions

Betaine inhibits the reaction [Doxorubicin results in increased expression of TAB1 mRNA]

PMID:37840533 PMID:38651543

NCBI chr 7:111,675,829...111,707,058
Ensembl chr 7:111,686,371...111,707,058

G

transferrin receptor

multiple interactions

Betaine inhibits the reaction [amyloid beta-protein (1-42) results in increased expression of TFRC mRNA]; Betaine inhibits the reaction [amyloid beta-protein (1-42) results in increased expression of TFRC protein]

NCBI chr11:68,163,413...68,185,257
Ensembl chr11:68,163,413...68,185,257

G

transforming growth factor, beta 2

increases expression

Betaine results in increased expression of TGFB2 mRNA

NCBI chr13:98,160,075...98,261,771
Ensembl chr13:98,160,087...98,261,405

G

toll-like receptor 4

multiple interactions

Betaine inhibits the reaction [Doxorubicin results in increased expression of TLR4 mRNA]

NCBI chr 5:80,145,867...80,159,501
Ensembl chr 5:80,145,826...80,159,628

G

tumor necrosis factor

multiple interactions

Betaine inhibits the reaction [ATP7B protein mutant form results in increased expression of TNF mRNA]; Betaine inhibits the reaction [sodium arsenite results in increased expression of TNF protein]
Betaine inhibits the reaction [Doxorubicin results in increased expression of TNF mRNA]

PMID:22945834 PMID:36087182 PMID:37840533 PMID:38651543

NCBI chr20:3,622,011...3,624,629
Ensembl chr20:3,622,011...3,624,629

G

tumor protein p53

multiple interactions

Betaine inhibits the reaction [Doxorubicin results in increased phosphorylation of TP53 protein]

NCBI chr10:54,300,070...54,311,525
Ensembl chr10:54,300,048...54,311,524

G

tribbles pseudokinase 2

decreases expression

Betaine results in decreased expression of TRIB2 mRNA

NCBI chr 6:38,545,971...38,570,349
Ensembl chr 6:38,545,975...38,569,370

G

unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1

multiple interactions

[Methionine co-treated with Choline co-treated with Folic Acid co-treated with Betaine co-treated with Vitamin B 12 co-treated with Zinc] results in decreased expression of ULK1 mRNA

NCBI chr12:45,851,710...45,877,966
Ensembl chr12:45,851,710...45,877,966

G

uroplakin 3B like 1

decreases expression

Betaine results in decreased expression of UPK3BL1 mRNA

NCBI chr12:20,610,353...20,616,366
Ensembl chr12:20,610,353...20,616,366

G

ubiquitin specific peptidase 2

multiple interactions

[Methionine co-treated with Choline co-treated with Folic Acid co-treated with Betaine co-treated with Vitamin B 12 co-treated with Zinc] results in increased expression of USP2 mRNA

NCBI chr 8:44,411,457...44,439,668
Ensembl chr 8:44,411,607...44,438,331

G

vanin 1

multiple interactions

[Methionine co-treated with Choline co-treated with Folic Acid co-treated with Betaine co-treated with Vitamin B 12 co-treated with Zinc] results in decreased expression of VNN1 mRNA

NCBI chr 1:21,537,084...21,547,395
Ensembl chr 1:21,537,094...21,547,395

G

WNK lysine deficient protein kinase 4

decreases expression

Betaine results in decreased expression of WNK4 mRNA

NCBI chr10:86,202,552...86,219,655
Ensembl chr10:86,188,812...86,231,829

G

Y box binding protein 2

decreases expression

Betaine results in decreased expression of YBX2 mRNA

NCBI chr10:54,659,719...54,665,371
Ensembl chr10:54,659,719...54,665,371

L-proline betaine

term browser

Symbol

Object Name

Qualifiers

Evidence

Notes

Source

PubMed Reference(s)

RGD Reference(s)

Position

G

ADAM metallopeptidase with thrombospondin type 1 motif, 4

multiple interactions

stachydrine inhibits the reaction [IL1B protein results in increased secretion of ADAMTS4 protein]

NCBI chr13:83,670,556...83,680,045
Ensembl chr13:83,670,183...83,680,065

G

ADAM metallopeptidase with thrombospondin type 1 motif, 5

multiple interactions

stachydrine inhibits the reaction [IL1B protein results in increased secretion of ADAMTS5 protein]

NCBI chr11:25,000,627...25,047,205
Ensembl chr11:25,000,637...25,047,205

G

interleukin 1 beta

multiple interactions

stachydrine inhibits the reaction [IL1B protein results in increased expression of NOS2 protein]; stachydrine inhibits the reaction [IL1B protein results in increased expression of PTGS2 protein]; stachydrine inhibits the reaction [IL1B protein results in increased phosphorylation of NFKBIA protein]; stachydrine inhibits the reaction [IL1B protein results in increased phosphorylation of RELA protein]; stachydrine inhibits the reaction [IL1B protein results in increased secretion of ADAMTS4 protein]; stachydrine inhibits the reaction [IL1B protein results in increased secretion of ADAMTS5 protein]; stachydrine inhibits the reaction [IL1B protein results in increased secretion of IL6 protein]; stachydrine inhibits the reaction [IL1B protein results in increased secretion of MMP13 protein]; stachydrine inhibits the reaction [IL1B protein results in increased secretion of MMP3 protein]; stachydrine inhibits the reaction [IL1B protein results in increased secretion of TNF protein]

NCBI chr 3:116,577,005...116,583,386
Ensembl chr 3:116,577,010...116,583,415

G

interleukin 6

multiple interactions

stachydrine inhibits the reaction [IL1B protein results in increased secretion of IL6 protein]

NCBI chr 4:5,214,602...5,219,178
Ensembl chr 4:5,213,394...5,219,178

G

matrix metallopeptidase 13

multiple interactions

stachydrine inhibits the reaction [IL1B protein results in increased secretion of MMP13 protein]

NCBI chr 8:4,497,960...4,508,239
Ensembl chr 8:4,497,960...4,508,239

G

matrix metallopeptidase 3

multiple interactions

stachydrine inhibits the reaction [IL1B protein results in increased secretion of MMP3 protein]

NCBI chr 8:4,640,397...4,653,963
Ensembl chr 8:4,640,416...4,653,961

G

NFKB inhibitor alpha

multiple interactions

stachydrine inhibits the reaction [IL1B protein results in increased phosphorylation of NFKBIA protein]

NCBI chr 6:72,858,713...72,861,941
Ensembl chr 6:72,858,712...72,861,941

G

nitric oxide synthase 2

multiple interactions

stachydrine inhibits the reaction [IL1B protein results in increased expression of NOS2 protein]

NCBI chr10:63,815,308...63,851,208
Ensembl chr10:63,815,308...63,851,210

G

prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2

multiple interactions

stachydrine inhibits the reaction [IL1B protein results in increased expression of PTGS2 protein]

NCBI chr13:62,163,936...62,172,193
Ensembl chr13:62,163,932...62,172,188

G

RELA proto-oncogene, NF-kB subunit

multiple interactions

stachydrine inhibits the reaction [IL1B protein results in increased phosphorylation of RELA protein]

NCBI chr 1:202,925,001...202,935,484
Ensembl chr 1:202,924,945...202,935,484

G

tumor necrosis factor

multiple interactions

stachydrine inhibits the reaction [IL1B protein results in increased secretion of TNF protein]

NCBI chr20:3,622,011...3,624,629
Ensembl chr20:3,622,011...3,624,629

O-acetyl-L-carnitine

term browser

Symbol

Object Name

Qualifiers

Evidence

Notes

Source

PubMed Reference(s)

RGD Reference(s)

Position

G

acetylcholinesterase

multiple interactions

Acetylcarnitine inhibits the reaction [Dexamethasone results in decreased activity of ACHE protein]; Acetylcarnitine inhibits the reaction [Dexamethasone results in increased activity of ACHE protein]

NCBI chr12:19,406,133...19,413,713
Ensembl chr12:19,407,360...19,413,651

G

apurinic/apyrimidinic endodeoxyribonuclease 1

increases expression

Acetylcarnitine results in increased expression of APEX1 mRNA

NCBI chr15:24,144,595...24,146,785
Ensembl chr15:24,144,362...24,146,785

G

ATPase H+ transporting V1 subunit F

increases expression

Acetylcarnitine results in increased expression of ATP6V1F mRNA

NCBI chr 4:58,067,666...58,070,628

G

complement C1q A chain

decreases expression

Acetylcarnitine results in decreased expression of C1QA mRNA

NCBI chr 5:149,133,635...149,136,482
Ensembl chr 5:149,133,636...149,136,534

G

complement C4B

decreases expression

Acetylcarnitine results in decreased expression of C4B mRNA

NCBI chr20:4,197,371...4,211,684
Ensembl chr20:4,197,366...4,211,681

G

caspase 3

multiple interactions

Acetylcarnitine inhibits the reaction [sodium arsenite results in increased activity of CASP3 protein]; Acetylcarnitine inhibits the reaction [Sodium Selenite results in increased expression of CASP3 mRNA]

PMID:20067779 PMID:29278859

NCBI chr16:45,662,910...45,681,171
Ensembl chr16:45,662,910...45,684,648

G

caspase 9

multiple interactions

Acetylcarnitine inhibits the reaction [sodium arsenite results in increased activity of CASP9 protein]

NCBI chr 5:154,108,872...154,126,628
Ensembl chr 5:154,109,046...154,126,626

G

catalase

multiple interactions

Acetylcarnitine inhibits the reaction [sodium arsenite results in decreased activity of CAT protein]; Acetylcarnitine inhibits the reaction [Sodium Selenite results in decreased expression of CAT mRNA]

PMID:20067779 PMID:26349760 PMID:29278859

NCBI chr 3:89,842,393...89,874,577
Ensembl chr 3:89,842,399...89,874,478

G

collagen type II alpha 1 chain

multiple interactions

[COL2A1 protein co-treated with Freund's Adjuvant] results in decreased abundance of Acetylcarnitine

NCBI chr 7:129,098,489...129,127,560
Ensembl chr 7:129,098,786...129,127,546

G

citrate synthase

decreases activity

Acetylcarnitine results in decreased activity of CS protein

NCBI chr 7:758,074...791,421
Ensembl chr 7:758,345...791,421

G

cathepsin S

decreases expression

Acetylcarnitine results in decreased expression of CTSS mRNA

NCBI chr 2:183,086,437...183,114,483
Ensembl chr 2:183,086,437...183,114,483

G

C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 14

decreases expression

Acetylcarnitine results in decreased expression of CXCL14 mRNA

NCBI chr17:8,317,930...8,325,956
Ensembl chr17:8,317,933...8,324,839

G

early growth response 1

multiple interactions

Acetylcarnitine inhibits the reaction [Sodium Selenite results in increased expression of EGR1 mRNA]

NCBI chr18:26,462,967...26,466,766
Ensembl chr18:26,462,981...26,466,766

G

glial fibrillary acidic protein

decreases expression

Acetylcarnitine results in decreased expression of GFAP mRNA

NCBI chr10:87,852,891...87,861,631
Ensembl chr10:87,852,890...87,861,589

G

glutathione-disulfide reductase

multiple interactions

Acetylcarnitine inhibits the reaction [Acetaminophen results in decreased expression of GSR protein]

NCBI chr16:58,482,209...58,525,256
Ensembl chr16:58,482,505...58,525,661

G

glutathione S-transferase pi 1

multiple interactions

Acetylcarnitine affects the reaction [Dexamethasone results in decreased expression of GSTP1 mRNA]

NCBI chr 1:201,337,762...201,340,230
Ensembl chr 1:201,321,672...201,340,226

G

heme oxygenase 1

multiple interactions

Acetylcarnitine affects the reaction [Dexamethasone results in increased expression of HMOX1 mRNA]

NCBI chr19:13,466,287...13,474,082
Ensembl chr19:13,467,244...13,474,079

G

heme oxygenase 2

multiple interactions

Acetylcarnitine affects the reaction [Dexamethasone results in increased expression of HMOX2 mRNA]

NCBI chr10:10,797,076...10,831,178
Ensembl chr10:10,797,055...10,831,148

G

heat shock protein family B (small) member 1

decreases expression

Acetylcarnitine results in decreased expression of HSPB1 mRNA

NCBI chr12:20,794,014...20,795,675
Ensembl chr12:20,794,028...20,795,743

G

isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 2

increases abundance
multiple interactions

IDH2 protein mutant form results in increased abundance of Acetylcarnitine
Triazines inhibits the reaction [IDH2 protein mutant form results in increased abundance of Acetylcarnitine]

NCBI chr 1:134,038,644...134,057,969
Ensembl chr 1:134,029,772...134,058,025

G

interleukin 1 beta

multiple interactions

Acetylcarnitine inhibits the reaction [sodium arsenite results in increased expression of IL1B protein]

NCBI chr 3:116,577,005...116,583,386
Ensembl chr 3:116,577,010...116,583,415

G

interleukin 6

multiple interactions

Acetylcarnitine inhibits the reaction [sodium arsenite results in increased expression of IL6 protein]

NCBI chr 4:5,214,602...5,219,178
Ensembl chr 4:5,213,394...5,219,178

G

microsomal glutathione S-transferase 1

increases expression

Acetylcarnitine results in increased expression of MGST1 mRNA

NCBI chr 4:171,029,666...171,044,893
Ensembl chr 4:171,029,630...171,044,892

G

mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase I

multiple interactions

Acetylcarnitine inhibits the reaction [Sodium Selenite results in decreased expression of COX1 mRNA]

NCBI chr MT:5,323...6,867
NCBI chr MT:5,323...6,867
NCBI chr MT:5,323...6,867
NCBI chr MT:5,323...6,867
NCBI chr MT:5,323...6,867
NCBI chr MT:5,323...6,867
NCBI chr MT:5,323...6,867
NCBI chr MT:5,323...6,867
NCBI chr MT:5,323...6,867
NCBI chr MT:5,323...6,867
Ensembl chr MT:5,323...6,867

G

nerve growth factor

multiple interactions

Acetylcarnitine inhibits the reaction [Cisplatin results in decreased expression of NGF protein]

NCBI chr 2:189,901,058...189,954,452
Ensembl chr 2:189,901,058...189,954,452

G

nitric oxide synthase 1

multiple interactions

Acetylcarnitine affects the reaction [Dexamethasone results in increased expression of NOS1 mRNA]

NCBI chr12:38,615,111...38,795,492
Ensembl chr12:38,626,714...38,710,945

G

nitric oxide synthase 2

multiple interactions

Acetylcarnitine affects the reaction [Dexamethasone results in increased expression of NOS2 mRNA]

NCBI chr10:63,815,308...63,851,208
Ensembl chr10:63,815,308...63,851,210

G

phenylalanine hydroxylase

decreases expression

Acetylcarnitine results in decreased expression of PAH mRNA

NCBI chr 7:21,933,179...21,998,134
Ensembl chr 7:21,933,179...21,998,130

G

PTEN induced kinase 1

multiple interactions

Acetylcarnitine inhibits the reaction [Cadmium results in increased expression of PINK1]

NCBI chr 5:150,530,523...150,542,635
Ensembl chr 5:150,530,523...150,542,635

G

PPARG coactivator 1 alpha

increases expression
multiple interactions

Acetylcarnitine results in increased expression of PPARGC1A protein
[Acetylcarnitine co-treated with Thioctic Acid] results in increased expression of PPARGC1A protein

NCBI chr14:58,860,752...59,516,525
Ensembl chr14:58,861,144...59,512,656

G

parkin RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

multiple interactions

Acetylcarnitine inhibits the reaction [Cadmium results in increased expression of PRKN]

NCBI chr 1:48,688,651...49,882,520
Ensembl chr 1:48,690,556...49,882,555

G

proteasome 20S subunit beta 6

increases expression

Acetylcarnitine results in increased expression of PSMB6 mRNA

NCBI chr10:55,239,256...55,241,586
Ensembl chr10:55,239,241...55,241,586

G

prothymosin alpha

increases expression

Acetylcarnitine results in increased expression of PTMA mRNA

NCBI chr 9:87,176,251...87,180,333
Ensembl chr 9:87,176,230...87,180,333

G

RELA proto-oncogene, NF-kB subunit

multiple interactions

Acetylcarnitine inhibits the reaction [sodium arsenite results in increased expression of RELA protein]

NCBI chr 1:202,925,001...202,935,484
Ensembl chr 1:202,924,945...202,935,484

G

ribosomal protein S17

increases expression

Acetylcarnitine results in increased expression of RPS17 mRNA

NCBI chr 1:135,295,920...135,298,506
Ensembl chr 1:135,295,919...135,298,535
Ensembl chr 8:135,295,919...135,298,535

G

src kinase associated phosphoprotein 2

decreases expression

Acetylcarnitine results in decreased expression of SKAP2 mRNA

NCBI chr 4:80,948,832...81,100,900
Ensembl chr 4:80,950,580...81,100,891

G

solute carrier family 25 member 20

multiple interactions

Acetylcarnitine inhibits the reaction [Hydrogen Peroxide results in decreased activity of SLC25A20 protein]

NCBI chr 8:109,365,056...109,386,512
Ensembl chr 8:109,365,002...109,386,512

G

synuclein alpha

multiple interactions

[Acetylcarnitine co-treated with Thioctic Acid] inhibits the reaction [Rotenone results in increased expression of SNCA protein]; Acetylcarnitine inhibits the reaction [Rotenone results in increased expression of SNCA protein]

NCBI chr 4:89,696,420...89,797,240
Ensembl chr 4:89,696,420...89,796,262

G

troponin I3, cardiac type

multiple interactions

Acetylcarnitine inhibits the reaction [Cisplatin results in increased expression of TNNI3 protein]

NCBI chr 1:69,299,900...69,303,582
Ensembl chr 1:69,299,900...69,303,580

O-butanoyl-L-carnitine

term browser

Symbol

Object Name

Qualifiers

Evidence

Notes

Source

PubMed Reference(s)

RGD Reference(s)

Position

G

isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 2

multiple interactions
increases abundance

Triazines inhibits the reaction [IDH2 protein mutant form results in increased abundance of butyrylcarnitine]

NCBI chr 1:134,038,644...134,057,969
Ensembl chr 1:134,029,772...134,058,025

O-octanoylcarnitine

term browser

Symbol

Object Name

Qualifiers

Evidence

Notes

Source

PubMed Reference(s)

RGD Reference(s)

Position

G

carnitine O-octanoyltransferase

increases chemical synthesis

CROT protein results in increased chemical synthesis of octanoylcarnitine

NCBI chr 4:25,068,270...25,133,111
Ensembl chr 4:25,080,587...25,133,109

O-palmitoylcarnitine

term browser

Symbol

Object Name

Qualifiers

Evidence

Notes

Source

PubMed Reference(s)

RGD Reference(s)

Position

G

collagen type II alpha 1 chain

multiple interactions

[COL2A1 protein co-treated with Freund's Adjuvant] results in decreased abundance of Palmitoylcarnitine

NCBI chr 7:129,098,489...129,127,560
Ensembl chr 7:129,098,786...129,127,546

G

glutaminase

increases chemical synthesis

GLS protein results in increased chemical synthesis of Palmitoylcarnitine

NCBI chr 9:49,344,616...49,416,900
Ensembl chr 9:49,344,781...49,416,900

G

protein phosphatase 3, regulatory subunit B, alpha

decreases metabolic processing

PPP3R1 gene mutant form results in decreased metabolism of Palmitoylcarnitine

NCBI chr14:91,556,743...91,606,391
Ensembl chr14:91,604,121...91,606,907

G

protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 1

increases chemical synthesis

PRKAA1 protein results in increased chemical synthesis of Palmitoylcarnitine

NCBI chr 2:54,240,298...54,275,978
Ensembl chr 2:54,240,137...54,275,978

O-propanoyl-L-carnitine

term browser

Symbol

Object Name

Qualifiers

Evidence

Notes

Source

PubMed Reference(s)

RGD Reference(s)

Position

G

amyloid beta precursor protein

increases abundance
multiple interactions

APP protein mutant form results in increased abundance of propionylcarnitine
PF-06840003 inhibits the reaction [APP protein mutant form results in increased abundance of propionylcarnitine]
[APP protein mutant form co-treated with PSEN1 protein mutant form co-treated with PF-06840003] results in decreased abundance of propionylcarnitine

NCBI chr11:24,019,774...24,236,584
Ensembl chr11:24,019,778...24,236,561

G

microtubule-associated protein tau

decreases abundance
multiple interactions

MAPT protein mutant form results in decreased abundance of propionylcarnitine
PF-06840003 inhibits the reaction [MAPT protein mutant form results in decreased abundance of propionylcarnitine]

NCBI chr10:89,138,644...89,236,137
Ensembl chr10:89,138,627...89,236,129

G

presenilin 1

multiple interactions

[APP protein mutant form co-treated with PSEN1 protein mutant form co-treated with PF-06840003] results in decreased abundance of propionylcarnitine

NCBI chr 6:103,323,052...103,375,088
Ensembl chr 6:103,323,120...103,371,650

Term paths to the root

Path 1
Term	Annotations
CHEBI ontology	19874
chemical entity	19872
atom	19872
nonmetal atom	19794
nitrogen atom	18974
nitrogen molecular entity	18974
organonitrogen compound	18827
amino-acid derivative	12611
amino-acid betaine	275
2-[3-carboxylato-3-(trimethylammonio)propyl]-L-histidine +	0
2-sulfenohercynine	0
3-Hydroxystachydrine	0
4-(trimethylammonio)but-2-enoate +	0
4-(trimethylammonio)butanoate	2
D-proline betaine	0
L-proline betaine	11
N(5),N(5),N(5)-trimethyl-N(2)-[(3R)-3-(acyloxy)acyl]-L-ornithine betaine	0
N(alpha),N(alpha),N(alpha)-trimethyl-L-histidine +	0
N-(1-deoxy-beta-D-fructopyranos-1-yl)-L-alanine betaine	0
N-(1-deoxy-beta-D-fructopyranos-1-yl)-L-leucine betaine	0
N-(1-deoxy-beta-D-fructopyranos-1-yl)-L-phenylalanine betaine	0
N-(1-deoxy-beta-D-fructopyranos-1-yl)-L-tyrosine betaine	0
N-(1-deoxy-beta-D-fructopyranos-1-yl)-L-valine betaine	0
N-(1-deoxy-beta-D-fructopyranos-1-yl)glycine betaine	0
S-methyl-L-ergothioneine	0
beta-alanine betaine	0
carnitine +	114
cis-4-hydroxy-D-proline betaine	0
ergothioneine +	11
ergothioneine thione form +	0
glycine betaine +	179
hypaphorine	0
phenylalanine betaine +	0
selenoneine	0
trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline betaine	0
tyrosine betaine +	0
Path 2
Term	Annotations
CHEBI ontology	19874
subatomic particle	19872
composite particle	19872
hadron	19872
baryon	19872
nucleon	19872
atomic nucleus	19872
atom	19872
main group element atom	19811
main group molecular entity	19811
s-block molecular entity	19647
hydrogen molecular entity	19628
hydrides	19139
inorganic hydride	18156
pnictogen hydride	18146
nitrogen hydride	18059
ammonium	8312
ammonium ion derivative	8307
quaternary ammonium ion	5295
quaternary nitrogen compound	880
ammonium betaine	370
amino-acid betaine	275
2-[3-carboxylato-3-(trimethylammonio)propyl]-L-histidine +	0
2-sulfenohercynine	0
3-Hydroxystachydrine	0
4-(trimethylammonio)but-2-enoate +	0
4-(trimethylammonio)butanoate	2
D-proline betaine	0
L-proline betaine	11
N(5),N(5),N(5)-trimethyl-N(2)-[(3R)-3-(acyloxy)acyl]-L-ornithine betaine	0
N(alpha),N(alpha),N(alpha)-trimethyl-L-histidine +	0
N-(1-deoxy-beta-D-fructopyranos-1-yl)-L-alanine betaine	0
N-(1-deoxy-beta-D-fructopyranos-1-yl)-L-leucine betaine	0
N-(1-deoxy-beta-D-fructopyranos-1-yl)-L-phenylalanine betaine	0
N-(1-deoxy-beta-D-fructopyranos-1-yl)-L-tyrosine betaine	0
N-(1-deoxy-beta-D-fructopyranos-1-yl)-L-valine betaine	0
N-(1-deoxy-beta-D-fructopyranos-1-yl)glycine betaine	0
S-methyl-L-ergothioneine	0
beta-alanine betaine	0
carnitine +	114
cis-4-hydroxy-D-proline betaine	0
ergothioneine +	11
ergothioneine thione form +	0
glycine betaine +	179
hypaphorine	0
phenylalanine betaine +	0
selenoneine	0
trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline betaine	0
tyrosine betaine +	0

paths to the root